Figure of Sound in Prose and Poetry

A figure of speech that relies primarily on the sound of a word or phrase (or the repetition of sounds) to convey a particular effect is known as a figure of sound. Although figures of sound are often found in poetry, they can also be used effectively in prose. Common figures of sound include alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, and rhyme. Examples and Observations: AlliterationA moist young moon hung above the mist of a neighboring meadow.(Vladimir Nabokov, Speak Memory: An Autobiography Revisited, 1966)AssonanceShips at a distance have every mans wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the same horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men.(Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, 1937)ConsonanceThis earth is tough stuff, he said. Break a mans back, break a plow, break an oxs back for that matter.(David Anthony Durham, Gabriels Story. Doubleday, 2001)OnomatopoeiaFlora left Franklin’s side and went to the one-armed bandits spread along one whole side of the room. From where she stood it looked like a forest of arms yanking down levers. There was a continuous clack, clack, clack of levers, then a click, click, click of tumblers coming up. Following this was a metallic poof some times followed by the clatter of silver dollars coming down through the funnel to land with a happy smash in the coin receptacle at the bottom of the machine.(Rod Serling, The Fever. Stories From the Twilight Zone, 2013)RhymeA veritable fusillade of smells, compounded of the pungent odors of deep fat, sharks fin, sandalwood, and open drains, now bombarded our nostrils and we found ourselves in the thriving hamlet of Chinwangtao. Every sort of object imaginable was being offered by street hawkers--basketwork, noodles, poodles, hardware, leeches, breeches, peaches, watermelon seeds, roots, boots, flutes, coats, shoats, stoats, even early vintage phonograph records.(S.J. Perelman, Westward Ha! 1948)Figures of Sound in Poes ProseDuring the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country, and at length found myself, as the shades o f evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher.(Edgar Allan Poe, The Fall of the House of Usher, 1839)Figures of Sound in Dylan Thomass ProseThere was no need, that holiday morning, for the sluggardly boys to be shouted down to breakfast; out of their jumbled beds they tumbled, and scrambled into their rumpled clothes; quickly at the bathroom basin they catlicked their hands and faces, but never forgot to run the water loud and long as though they washed like colliers; in front of the cracked looking-glass, bordered with cigarette cards, in their treasure-trove bedrooms, they whisked a gap-tooth comb through their surly hair; and with shining cheeks and noses and tidemarked necks, they took the stairs three at a time.But for all their scramble and scamper, clamour on the landing, catlick and toothbrush flick, hair-whisk and stair-jump, their sisters were always there before them. Up with the lady lark, they had prinked and frizzed and hot-ironed; and smug in their b lossoming dresses, ribboned for the sun, in gym-shoes white as the blancod snow, neat and silly with doilies and tomatoes they helped in the higgledy kitchen. They were calm; they were virtuous; they had washed their necks; they did not romp, or fidget; and only the smallest sister put out her tongue at the noisy boys.(Dylan Thomas, Holiday Memory, 1946. Rpt. in The Collected Stories. New Directions, 1984)Figures of Sound in John Updikes Prose- Do you remember a fragrance girls acquire in autumn? As you walk beside them after school, they tighten their arms about their books and bend their heads forward to give a more flattering attention to your words, and in the little intimate area thus formed, carved into the clear air by an implicit crescent, there is a complex fragrance woven of tobacco, powder, lipstick, rinsed hair, and that perhaps imaginary and certainly elusive scent that wool, whether in the lapels of a jacket or the nap of a sweater, seems to yield when the cloudless fa ll sky like the blue bell of a vacuum lifts toward itself the glad exhalations of all things. This fragrance, so faint and flirtatious on those afternoon walks through the dry leaves, would be banked a thousandfold and lie heavy as the perfume of a flower shop on the dark slope of the stadium when, Friday nights, we played football in the city.(John Updike, In Football Season. The New Yorker, November 10, 1962)- By rhyming, language calls attention to its own mechanical nature and relieves the represented reality of seriousness. In this sense, rhyme and allied irregularities like alliteration and assonance assert a magical control over things and constitute a spell. When children, in speaking, accidentally rhyme, they laugh, and add, Im a poet / And dont know it, as if to avert the consequences of a stumble into the supernatural. . . .Our mode is realism, realistic is synonymous with prosaic, and the prose writers duty is to suppress not only rhyme but any verbal accident that would mar the textual correspondence to the massive, onflowing impersonality that has supplanted the chiming heavens of the saint.(John Updike, Rhyming Max. Assorted Prose. Alfred A. Knopf, 1965)Poetic Functions of Language[English poet] Gerard Manley Hopkins, an outstanding searcher in the science of poetic language, defined verse as speech wholly or partially repeating the same figure of sound. Hopkins subsequent question, but is all verse poetry? can be definitely answered as soon as the poetic function ceases to be arbitrarily confined to the domain of poetry. Mnemonic lines cited by Hopkins (like Thirty days hath September), modern advertising jingles, and versified medieval laws, mentioned by Lotz, or finally Sanskrit scientific treatises in verse which in Indic tradition are strictly distinguished from true poetry (kavya)--all these metrical texts make use of the poetic function without, however, assigning to this function the coercing, determining role it carries in poetry.(Roman Jakobson, Language in Literature. Harvard University Press, 1987)Word Play and Sound Play in a Poem by E.E. Cummingsapplaws)fellowsitisnts(a paw s(E.E. Cummings, Poem 26 in 1 X 1, 1944)The False Dichotomy Between Sound and SenseIn plain expository prose, such as this book is written in, says [literary critic G.S. Fraser], both writer and reader are consciously concerned not mainly with rhythm but with sense. This is a false dichotomy. The sounds of a poem connected by rhythm are indeed the living body of thought. Take the sound as poetry and there is no further stage of interpretation into poetry. Just the same is true of periodic prose: the rhythm of the period organizes sound into a unit of sense.My criticism of the logical tradition in grammar is just that stress, pitch, attitude, emotion are not suprasegmental matters added to the basic logic or syntax but other glimpses of a linguistic whole which includes grammar as usually understood. . . . I accept the now unfashionable vie w of all the old grammarians that prosody is a necessary part of grammar. . . .Figures of thought like understatement or emphasis are no more and no less expressed in sound than anything else.(Ian Robinson, The Establishment of Modern English Prose in the Reformation and the Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press, 1998)Figures of Sound in 16th-Century Prose- Suspicion that an inordinate attraction to figures of sound was likely to tyrannise a writers style, that the claims of the ear threatened to dominate those of the mind, has always dogged analysis of Tudor prose, especially in the case of [John] Lyly. Francis Bacon indicted [Roger] Ascham and his followers for precisely this failing: for men began to hunt more after words than matter; more after the choiceness of the phrase, and the round and clean composition of the sentence, and the sweet falling of the clauses, and the varying and illustration of their works with tropes and figures, than after the weight of the matter, wor th of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of judgment [The Advancement of Learning].(Russ McDonald, Compar or Parison: Measure for Measure. Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson, Gavin Alexander, and Katrin Ettenhuber. Cambridge University Press, 2007)- Shall my good will be the cause of his ill will? Because I was content to be his friend, thought he me meet to be made his fool? I see now that as the fish scolopidus in the flood Araris at the waxing of the moon is as white as the driven snow, and at the waning as black as the burnt coal, so Euphues, which at the first increasing of our familiarity was very zealous, is now at the last cast become most faithless.(John Lyly, Euphues: the Anatomy of Wit, 1578) See also: 10 Titillating Types of Sound Effects in LanguageEuphonyEuphuismExercise in Identifying Sound Effects in Poetry and ProseFigures of SpeechHomoioteleutonHomophonesOronymProsodyReduplicativeRhythmSound Symbolism

Community Policing And The Community Essay - 1561 Words

What is community policing? Particularly, community policing is a strategy employed by numerous departments in order to establish and cultivate a relationship between the law enforcement agency and the community being patrolled. Moreover, community policing is composed of three analytical components; community partnerships, organizational transformation, and problem solving (Gardiner, 154, 2016). Notably, community partnerships are essential in community policing since they increase public trust and generate an enhanced relationship in law enforcement agencies better serving the community (Gardiner, 87, 2016). These community partnerships offer public input as well as encourage the public to cooperate with their local law enforcement agencies in order to minimize crime within their community (Gardiner, 88, 2016). Different from the traditional strategies of policing, community oriented policing has been adopted by two-thirds of agencies in order to enhance public safety and cont rol crime. (Gardiner, 148, 2016). In the first place, this innovative strategy allows law enforcement officers to accomplish a level of respect and cooperation of the community through close working relationships between the citizens and the agency. â€Å"The key to infusing community policing throughout the department is by restructuring agency management, in particular making changes to the agency’s climate and culture, leadership, decision-making methods, labor relations, strategic planning,Show MoreRelatedCommunity Policing1234 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Community policing The renowned Sir Robert Peel who helped found the London Metropolitan Police unit that was meant to be closer to the people than any other time before. 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During this time, a burst of new ideas and changes in the political and economic structure began to occur that would eventually bring about a new kindRead MoreThe Succesfull of Community Policing908 Words   |  4 Pagesthese are the role of citizen to build peace and order around society become the strategic way on citizen empowerment. Last but not least, the concept of community policing itself where the government through the Police give trust to the society to prevent their own environment and create peace independently, however the process of community policing itself is still under supervision of Police Institution. Police is one of the leading government agencies in maintaining safety and comfort for societyRead MoreCommunity Policing Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pages Community policing is a policy and a strategy aimed at achieving more effective and efficient crime control, reduced fear of crime, improved quality of life, improved police services and police legitimacy, through a proactive reliance on community resources that seeks to change crime causing conditions. This assumes a need for greater accountability of police, greater public share in decision-making and greater concern for civil rights and liberties. The key characteristics of community policing

Bottled Water Issues free essay sample

The most important issue is the health impact not only for humans, but for watersheds. Bottled water companies pump 75 gallons per minute in some places (Hopey). Bottling companies take water from different areas that sometimes need the water for municipal uses. For example in the small town, Bakersville, the bottling company in Somerset County wants to come in and bottle up the water from Laurel Hill Creek that supports it. By bottling the water in this small river, the water levels are dropping, which is causing fish and other species to die off (Hopey). In this small river there is a fish hatchery, which breeds a breed of salmon that is close to being an endangered species. By drawing too much water, the fish in this hatchery won’t survive and all the efforts will be lost. In addition the water is being consumed faster than the regions near the bodies of water can replenish the water tables. Examples where this is being seen is in the Great Lakes are and Texas. Farmers and Fishermen are directly affected by these drops. (Arnold) Also by shipping the water off, the water is not returning to its original watershed and doesn’t replenish its original watershed. This can cause drought and lakes and rivers begin to run dry. Bottled water is being purchased on a larger scale all over the United States. In 2007, every five minutes citizens used $11. 7 million and 2 million bottles. In that whole year alone 8. 8 billion plastic water bottles were used. With numbers this large and climbing, it’s understandable that companies like Nestle wants to bottle from Lake Michigan. Several small towns in Michigan see how big of an issue this could turn into. Nestle is currently pumping 200 million gallons a minute to be bottled. Many cities are trying â€Å"think outside the bottle,† campaigns to keep the water within the watershed. They want to promote protection of the ground water and surface water. Cities see the issues with pulling water from their resources and shipping it off to other parts of the country. (Gibney) Some of these issues include: water tables dropping, water levels decreasing, and drought. Sometimes mud flats are created which can turn in to sever drought land area. Another issue with bottled water is fossil fuel usage. The oil that is used for the production of the plastic for the bottle is tremendous. To make enough bottles for the demand in the United States, it requires more than 17 million barrels of oil annually. (Arnold) That amount is enough to fuel 1 million cars in America for a year. (Arnold) In addition to that, When these bottles are produced they release toxic gases which contaminate the air and in the water. This problem continues when they aren’t properly disposed of. The Container Recycling Institute says that 86% of the bottles used in America become litter or in landfills. Bottled water can take over 1000 years to biodegrade if in a landfill. Arnold) Another issue is incineration. When bottles are incinerated they release even more toxic gases into our atmosphere. Bottled water has also been the source of many unseen health problems. Bottled water has been linked to cancers because of the plastic bottles slowly breaking down. The plastic bottles have also been linked to many other health related issues. Some of these other health issues include: hormone dis ruption, immune deficiencies, obesity, miscarriage and lowered fertility. (Thompson) Also some studies have shown that most bottled water is nothing more than bottled tap water. Arnold) Bottled water has also been known to have other contaminates like fertilizers, caffeine, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, industrial solvents, and other harmful chemicals. (Ochel) Bottled water has many more issues than it has benefits for people in most cases. By changing certain things, bottled water could become a problem of the past and water resources can be properly used. Solving the Problem of bottled water is more complicated than it may seem. The â€Å"simplest† solution is banning bottled water. Facts show that by banning bottled water, the general population will save money because the water bottles are more expensive than tap water. In some places cities are banning bottled water and installing public fountains and encouraging people to bring their own bottle. An example of this is the town of Bundanoon in Australia. (Foley) They were the first to ban bottled water in the world. In the United States, several cities are working on banning bottled water. San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, St. Louis, Phoenix, along with many other cities, are working on banning bottled water. They have done this by making it illegal to spend their city funding on bottled water. (Doss) While Bundanoon†s story is a success; we must look deeper and look at the whole picture. By banning bottled water, a lot of jobs will have to be cut. With our economy like it is can we as a nation really afford to cut all those jobs? Also to ban bottled water there would need to be cooperation with the bottling companies to stop selling the product. That will not be an easy task since it is a growing product. Companies will be losing top sales if bottled water is banned nationwide. Bottling companies will most likely not be pleased with the outcome of this. By slowly banning bottled water in certain areas of the country, and following to others, the transition will be easier on everyone including these companies. Also there will need to be some sort of system to monitor that these companies to make sure they don’t produce anymore and to track the movement of products all over the country. Reducing production numbers, bottled water will be less available and companies will have to move towards bottling or packaging other products. By first reducing the number that can be produce by companies; the population can learn to use alternatives such as refillable water bottles. An easier step or smaller scale project that can be done. By banning stores and gas stations to sell this consumer good in cities by individual basis, people will have to work a little harder to get this to work and start moving in to leaving the plastic bottle behind. To make that kind of transition easier on the citizens a solution to the convenience of bottled water is reusable bottles. There are several types of reusable bottles. There Plastic ones, Aluminum ones, and now there are glass ones as well. Sadly research shows that even plastic reusable water bottles release BPA which is Bisphenol A into drinking water. (Doss) BPA is an industrial chemical used primarily to make polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastic is the plastic used for plastic reusable water bottles. Aluminum bottles are better than plastic ones but glass is so far the best solution. (Doss) Glass bottles are less expensive than the others. They also are recyclable if broken and don’t take as much energy to produce. In addition to banning bottled water in towns and cities, is to build public fountains. Public fountains can be installed into any building that has municipal water connected to it. Fountains in the long run are a great investment for buildings. Unfortunately they are expensive. Their cost ranges from $500 to over $1000. (Barrier-Free) With prices like these many cities may be uncertain about installing fountains in public buildings. There is also a chance of up keep and maintenance. Several public buildings already have drinking fountains installed but need work done or turned back on. By keeping these and doing repair work, public buildings will no longer need to stock bottled water in vending machines to make strides in banning bottled water. By providing drinking fountains this reduces the need of bottled water. Another way to solve the paranoia about bottled water being cleaner or safer than tap water is to install a water purification system on your faucets. Home water filtration is very logical not only to clean water even more but in the end it is much cheaper when used with refillable bottles. Home filtration systems also take out more than municipal tap does. Home filtration systems costs anywhere from $20 to even $120. (Strand) Some top brands of filters include: Brita, PUR, Crystal Quest, and Aquasana. (Strand) Families who are concerned about tap water and bottled water are recommended to purchase these filter systems. These filters are convenient and through my research have shown to be the biggest thing that can be done to solving the problem of bottled water. In conclusion I believe that eventually we as a country, and eventually as a world will be able to move completely away from plastic water bottles and into other solutions. Bottled water is overpriced and is quickly destroying ecosystems if nothing is done, this problem will most defiantly amplify. Even though bottled water may seem like a convince, it is very inconvenient to our bodies and to the environment. Bottled water’s effect on the environment is tremendous and all aspects of bottled water is negative in relation to our environment. Everything from the production, the bottling, the shipping, and disposal has harmful effects. There are many ways the United States and other countries can work to move away from bottled water and into healthier and safer solutions. The first step is to start using reusable bottles, preferably glass ones, and getting water filtration systems for our tap water. These two steps do not have to cost that much. Both are ways that are easy and beneficial for the health of people and t the same time work on saving our environment. Also public buildings can work towards repairing and installing municipal fountains and promote â€Å"banning the bottle† by doing this. As a result of doing these few things, strides to helping the world water crisis will defiantly be done. Works Cited Page Arnold, Emily and Larsen, Janet. â€Å"Bottled Water: Pouring Recourses Down the Drain. † Earth Policy Institute. February 2, 2006. lt; http://www. erth-policy. org/plan_b_updates/2006/updates51gt; â€Å"Barrier-Free Water Cooler† Drinking Fountain Doctor. Kully Supply Store. 2010. lt; http://www. drinkingfountaindoctor. com/complete-units/by-style/water-coolers/barrier-freegt; Doss Holdings Inc. and Strand, Charles. â€Å"Bottled Water- Healthy or Hoax? † Bottled Water Blues. Doss Holdings Inc. Sun Water Inc. 2011. Foley, Meraiah. â€Å"Ban on Bottled water, Apparently a first, ect. † New York Times. 17 July 2009. A9(L) Gale Science in Context. Web. 3 Dec 2010. Hopey, Don. â€Å"Somerset Company’s Proposal to bottle Water from Creek stirs controversy. † Pittsburg Post-Gazette. July 5, 2009. Ochel, Evita. â€Å"Bottled Water: Not worth The Price or Your Health. † Evolving Wellness. October 18, 2008. Strand, Charles. â€Å"Water Filter Comparisons. † Sun Water Systems, Inc. 2010. Thompson, Kati. â€Å"Un-bottling Our Water Supply. † Celsias.

Promotional report campaign for DMO

Introduction The report was about a tourism promotion campaign that involved the reopening of the Africa Lion Safari performed by the Greater Western Sydney (GWS) tourism in Warragamba, Sydney in Australia achieved between 2008 and 2012.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Promotional report campaign for DMO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The GWS consisted of 14 local government areas (LGA) that comprised of Auburn council, Wallondilly Share, Camden Council, City of Pernith, City of Campbell town, City of Parramatta, City of Bankslown, City of Liverpool, City of Blue mountains, City of Holroyd, City of Fairfield and City of Hawkesbury. The GWS was estimated to have a population of1.9 million according to the 2006 census. The population covered a locality of over 9000km squared including residential, rural and industrial zones. As the marketing manager of the GWS tourism promotion team, I sent the campaign report t o the management team for its consent on the campaign ideas and expenditure. The marketing strategy comprised of the following subunits; brief discussion of the DMO campaign in terms of size, turnover, visitation, number and occupancy rates and data information, promotion in campaign strategy, target marked profile, competition and channels of distribution (Haney Perry,2004). Objectives To reopen the African Lion Safari in Warragamba. -To promote domestic tourism in Sydney. -To increase tourism by 10% annually. -To increase the GDP of Sydney by boosting tourism and hospitality. The DMO campaign The tourism promotion campaign was carried out in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia with the target population of 1.9 million individuals. The population comprised mostly of the working class. The employment concentration was in industrial and trade networks like the Parramatta Town Hall, Appian Way in Bankslown and the showground hall at Sydney Olympic Park. The chief tourist attraction it ems involved the Sydney Olympic Park, the Blue Mountains and the Western Sydney Parklands that contained sites like the Westfield Penrith, Westfield Parramatta, Eastern Creek Raceway and the Black Town Olympic Park. The campaign targeted a fraction of about 30% of the Australian $85 billion in GDP per annum contributed by the 14 LGA.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, the African Lion Safari in Sydney focused on becoming the 3rd largest contributor to the Australian economy after Melbourne and the Sydney CBD. The campaign also targeted the University Western Sydney, University of Sydney Cumberland Campus and the Western Sydney institute of TAFE. Promotion campaign strategy The aim of the promotion was to recreate an African savanna within Sydney. The GWS team aimed at availing the African Lion Safari to the people of Sydney, an item they once enjoyed in 2001. The GWS had to make the people of Sydney enjoy what the people in Africa relish without their going to Africa (Lewis Roehrich, 2009). It was like bringing Africa to Sydney. The promotion strategy involved different measures with certain of them incorporating advertisements on social sites, promotional trade fairs and use of external links (Plunkett, 2008). The adverts were channeled through Face book, Tweeter and Friendster. The radio and television media houses were used in creating awareness on this great tourism initiative. The promotion campaign in terms of advertisement and awareness creation used about 1 billion Australian dollars. The channeling was not only for the people of Sydney but for the whole of Australia and the rest of the world. Target market The campaign targeted primarily the people of Western Sydney who were about 1.9 million in number. The region was believed to house 1 in every 11 Australians. The integration of events like the Rotary Observatory, Katromba Stamp Fair and the riverside theatre would ensure integration of local market in the campaign. The African Lion Safari project was able to provide a supplementary tourist resort for those who liked adventure and possessed interest in wildlife, especially the lion. The initiative was also able to target Australians who enjoyed tasty food ranging from African to Asian delicacies. The GWS was able to provide hospitable hotels and restaurants to complement the existing Chifley Hotel Penrith, St. Mary’s Park View Motel and the Grand Mercure Hills Lodge by availing better, convenient and comfortable facilities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Promotional report campaign for DMO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competition No business can sustain itself without competition and the Sydney tourism campaign for the African lion safaris faced a lot of competition. Competition ranged from hotels to tourist destinations. The major competitors in terms of hotels and motels included Windsor Motel, Windsor Terrace Motel, Crown Plaza Norwest Hotel, Sydney Gateway Holiday Park and the Chifley Hotel Eastern Creek. The hotels and motels were able to provide exquisite and luxurious facilities thus posing challenges for the campaign. The other tourist destinations included national parks like Cattail, Nattai, Blue Mountains, Yembo and Scheyville, University of Sydney, Sydney Superdome, and Sydney Aquatic Center, Sydney International Shooting Center, Liverpool CBD and the George’s river. The promotion succeeded by 55% in spite of competition. Channels of distribution The lions were acquired from Africa like in Kenya, DRC Congo and Uganda through the airline network. From the African savanna, the lions were carried by road to their respective airstrip (Barrow, 2005). On arrival in Australia, different modes of transport were used in transporting them. Road transport involved the Hills Motorway, South W estern Motorway, West Link, Great Western Highway and the Cumberland Highway. The railway line was also involved to a certain extent and especially in transporting the lions’ food. All the costs amounted to 5 billion Australian dollars. Communication objective The DMO situated in Sydney and the communication link involved the satellite system that was interlinked within Sydney like from the North Narembura and Antarmon to the south of Paddington and Woolharla. The communication objective of the campaign was to link all the regions, cities and towns within Sydney (Jeong Nor, 2007).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The communication networks like telephones and internet were necessary tools in creating awareness of the African lion safaris and attracting interest from all of Australia. All the costs of the communication initiative amounted to 3 billion Australian dollars. Promotion and media mixes In the promotion of the initiative, the GWS employed different techniques in creating awareness of the African Lion Safari in Sydney (Dumville, 2001). The aspects included advertisements, public relations, and direct customer promotions. The advertisements involved radio and television advertisements that were aimed at the regular radio listeners and TV fans (Fry, 2003). The public relations exercise was aimed at spreading information on the initiative between the GWS and the public. The organization employed topics of public interest to capture the attention of the public. The public relation activities exploited included conferences, press briefings and industrial awards (Saylor, 2012). Direct cust omer contact employed the use of posters, brochures and fliers stating the purpose of the initiative and its objective. This fact was to convince the immediate customers that they were also appreciated (Brown, 2001).The promotion of sales just like in advertisements used the media, face to face communication, telephone and posters in creating awareness. The media mix employed different media in promoting the campaign. The television houses, magazines, telephone directories, billboards and supermarket shopping carts were consolidated to facilitate the success of the campaign. In the midst of the advertisement or promotion, creative elements were integrated to enhance the campaign (Armstrong, 2002). The elements involved giving of discounts, offering of after sale services and provision of resource materials (Cohen, Wells, 2001). Discounts were offered to hotels and restaurants for regular customers, tour and parking fees. For instance, a 50% discount was offered to the first 100 tour ists both at domestic and international levels. The after sale services included servicing of the tourist vehicles, consultation services and rewards that ensured that any visitor was satisfied with the organization’s provisions (John, 2010). All these creative elements were reflected in the advertisement and promotion links enabling the visitors to have full information of what the initiative was all about. The promotion and advertisement cost about 10 billion Australian dollars. Key performance indicators (KPIs) The performance indicators were used to show the performance measurement in evaluating the success and achievement of the campaign. The following table shows the various indicators employed in the campaign. Indicator type performance Quantitative 10% of the total population of Sydney visited the African Lion Safari (i.e. 0.19 million) Qualitative 0.10 million of the 0.19 million visitors came from Sydney Leading A predictable 1.0 million was expected to hav e visited the African Lion Safari in 10 years Lagging The success of the campaign stood at 70% in the next 5 years Input A total of 36 billion Australian dollars were consumed in the project Process The campaign proved productive based on its power to target a large tourist market (0.19 million) Output A total of 50 million Australian dollars were accrued by the end of 2012 Practical The campaign necessitated the success of the promotion despite the competition by 55% Directional The GWS African Lion Safari improved with an estimated 10% increase in income annually Financial The financial prospects seemed promising with a 50 billion output in 2012 Budget Value in Australian dollars in billions Promotion and advertisement 10 Transport 5 Communication 3 Insurance 2 Hotels and restaurants 10 Tour guides and security 1 Others 5 Total 36 Media release Lions in Sydney 2nd March, 2008 The Greater Western Sydney Agency is reopening the African Lion Sa fari in Warragamba, Sydney ,in 2008. The initiative is to welcome both the local and foreign tourists to this great destination. An estimated 0.19 million visitors are expected. Be the first, and come in large numbers. Discounts will be given to the first 100 visitors in the day of opening i.e. 10th March, 2008. You can contact us by paying us a visit in Warragamba, New South Wales, Australia. Executive summary The promotion campaign was carried out between 2008 and 2012 to necessitate the reopening of the African Lion Safari in Warragamba, New South Wales, Australia. This initiative was engineered by the Greater Western Sydney (GWS) tourism unit and it brought together 14 LGA. The aim was to target 0.19 million visitors annually. The channels for distribution involved the road networks and the railway line which consumed a total of 5 billion Australian dollars. The communication links facilitated communication throughout the greater western region fetching visitors from Antarman, Narembura, Paddington and Woolharla. The promotion and media mixes were employed to improve the creativity in the campaign. The promotion was aimed at creating awareness on the various services and facilities to be enjoyed by the visitors. Sales promotions, direct customer contact, public relations and advertisements were part of the links employed. An estimated 10 billion Australian dollars were invested for the purpose of promotions and advertisements. Key performance indicators were used to assess and measure the performance of the campaign and the success of the initiative. The aim of the campaign was to rekindle the once thriving industry of the African Lion Safari. The industry was known to have attracted a total of 200,000 visitors annually. This aspect was marginally crucial towards Sydney’s GDP and revenue. A total of 0.19 million was expected. The industry was expected to enjoy global acceptance. Conclusion Following the indicators outlined in the report campaign, the project has proven to be successful in tourism and interests have been realized by the government, people of Sydney and the GWS. It has however been noted that challenges have strengthened the basis of the campaign and have helped in the creation of better policies and strategies towards a self-sustaining industry (Aaker McLoughlin, 2010). The inclusion of better, fairer and convenient infrastructure and utilities will ensure the existence of a trustworthy tourist venture like the Warragamba project in Sydney. I would advise the government to establish measures that can help in the recovery of ventures and enterprises that have been because of issues that can be addressed. References Aaker, A McLoughlin, D 2010,Strategic Market Management – Global Perspectives, John Wiley Sons Ltd,West Sussex. 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