AIDS/HIV :: essays research papers

Different people define success in many different ways. What is considered success by unriv eithered person may be viewed as failure by another person. Randy Shilts, a homosexual newspaper reporter / author, attempts to make fundamental changes in Americas opinion on support. In Randy Shiltss essay, "Talking AIDS to Death," he speaks of his experiences as an "AIDS celebrity." At the core of Shiltss essay is the statement, "Never before have I succeeded so well never before have I failed so miserably"(221). Shilts can cypher his accomplishments from two points of view- as a success and as a failure. Despite instant fame, Shilts is not satisfied with the effects his writings has on the general public. Shiltss "success" and reasons for failure can both be considered when one decides whether or not his efforts were performed in vain.     From a superficial stand point Randy Shilts, with bring out a doubt, has become a great success with the release of his book And the Band Played On. Almost over night, Shilts is emerged in all the luxuries of stardom. "I quickly acquired all the trappings of bestsellerdom 60 Minutes coverage of my "startling" revelations, a Book-of-the-Month Club contract, a miniseries deal with NBC, translation into six languages, book tours on three continents, have usages in movie-star-studded AIDS fund raisers, regular appearances on network news shows, and hefty fees on the college lecture circuit" (220). These benefits, along with numerous others, mark that of a "successful" person.                                                    Hopes 2However, a deeper look into the expectations Shilts has for his book can offer an explanation to why Shilts was not a complete su ccess.      Randy Shilts set out to make monumental changes in the worlds perspective of AIDS. He planned to enlighten, motivate, and educate the population on this tragic disease that has already claimed so many lives. He believed that virtually all the misconceptions about AIDS would be corrected and the public would insist that more be done to stop the epidemic. "I had hoped to effect some fundamental changes. I really believed I could alter the performance of the institutions that had allowed AIDS to sweep through America unchecked" (220). Shiltss Brobdingnagian expectations positioned him for his inevitable sense of failure. He did not accomplished all that he had planned. AIDS was still spreading and people were still dying. "The bitter irony is, my role as an AIDS celebrity just gives me a more elevated promontory from which to watch the world make the same mistakes in the handling of the AIDS epidemic that I hoped my work would help to change "(220).

The Impact of Technology on Education Essay -- Education Learning Essa

The Impact of engine room on Education Technology has greatly affected and impacted the way things are presented and taught in the classroom. Technology has had a large impact on the materials that are used and the way we use these materials to teach in the schools. Most everything that is used in todays classroom has been a result of technology. All materials, including textbooks and the Internet, score been invented and have had some connection to the growth of technology in the school setting. There are many advances in technology that are now used in the classroom and have been very beneficial to the direction process. For example, the invention of the printing press allowed textbooks to be mass-produced, which made them more readily available to all (Anderson 46). Schools could now have multiple copies of the text and would not have to go through the trouble of teaching the material without the children seeing it for themselves. The printing press made reading books and novels a way for everyone to become educated, not just children. Over time, other inventions of technology have grown rapidly and have become very useful in the educational classroom (Fisher 13). Technologies, such as typewriters and eventually computers and copy machines, have helped provided advance the speed and sometimes quality of the teaching materials. The typewriter was the start of a personal printing device that allowed both teachers and students to present their work in neat, legible form. Recently, the computer has allowed for even better printing quality and more educational programs. Now, especially with the Internet, there is increased communication and new methods of research being conducted. The Effec... ...r research. eon sometimes these sources are not reliable, computers crash and there is junk on the Internet, overall, these technologies contribute a positive glow in the realm of education. As a Christian, I believe that the tec hnologies in the education system have been a tremendous success and are very effective in their purposes. They help pull round time and also expand the learning environment to communicate to more people more effectively. Works Cited and ConsultedEducation and Technology reflections on computing in classrooms. San Francisco, California Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. Special education technology classroom applications. Pacific Grove, California Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1993. Technology in American education 1650-1900. uppercase U.S. Department of Health,Education and Welfare Office of Education, 1963.

Matelda ?a Lady Moved by Love? :: essays research papers

In Dantes Divina Commedia, he takes on a journey with unforgettable characters,from the poets from antiquity, demons, giants, and in conclusion too famous saints.Dantes and the character interaction with them ar what make this story. Theyare the legs on which this work was able to stand for so many old age as amasterpiece. It was the characters that I most enjoyed it this work, you findyourself loving and hating the different shades you discover during Hell, thepenitents of Purgatory and the saints of Heaven. The most developed characterswe find in Commedia are Dante, Virgil and Beatrice. to that extent there are several minorcharacters that if one looks more closely are just as interesting as our mainstars. One such(prenominal) minor character is my favorite Matelda, and also a perfectexample of Dantes brilliance in characterization.Matelda is a minor guide that eases Dante afterwards Virgil disappears, and untilBeatrice takes him to paradise (Cantos XXVIII- XXXIII). Althou gh Matelda may looklike a plain old static-stock character , her motives are pure, her actionsconsistent and she is plausible as a guardian angel typeface whose actions aremoved by the Divine love in her.Dante the Character at this point in the story is about to leave the worldliterally and to meet his love Beatrice (who actually yells at him for his sin,before taking him to heaven). He has been left by his faithful guide, Virgil(which he doesnt even notice at first has been gone for a few cantos) and findshimself in the hand of a loving and beautiful hands of Matelda.Matelda is a perfect guardian angel for Dante at this point in his journey, andfaithful to helping him during this transition. Are her actions consistent? Yes.all are in line with Divine Love. We see this trough her actions. We first meether she is the lovely creature that resides in the Garden of Eden. At Dantesrequest she explains all of his questions. She guides him through the Garden andthen washes him clean and h elps him to drink from the rivers of memories, allafter he gets reprimanded by Beatrice.All this is done out of Love, for it is ultimately Divine Love that motivatesher, motives that are pure in guiding her charge. For example Why are you sointent on looking only at those living lights? Have you no wish to see whatcomes behind? This encouragement will help Dante to move forward to his goal.Yet I think its her purity of motives that make her a static character because

Mongols Essay example -- History, The Indian Ocean Trade

IntroductionBetween 1200 AD to present, there have been many sorts in the world economy. The most important change is how integrated the world economy has become. When countries have a demand for something the firstly question is where is that supply going to come from. In the end, the way that all nations and places were adequate to meet their demands was by going internationally and getting it that way. The whole world found a way by sea and land to get the particulars that they needful and, in the process, connected the whole world through trade. First Question The first types of societies were agricultural and pastoral. Pastoral societies has less productive economies because they were nomadic and needed tumid grazing areas and supported smaller populations. They usually organized themselves by family and common ancestry (Strayer 334). The main pastoral group was the Mongols as they conquered from the Pacific coast of Asia to east Europe (Strayer 342). Part of their large success was their vast network of trade. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a large and interconnect trading system was shake off in place. (Marks 33) The Mongols did not so much participate in the trade as they did tax it. They provided a secure route for merchants to take the long transit across Central Asia between Europe and China (Strayer 354). This trade route relied on mostly on middlemen, as it was a series of circuits that were all connected. An item can make it from Asia to Europe and cross through many hands with the price increasing each time. This trade gave way to the Indian Ocean portion out as well as the Silk Roads in the fifteenth century. The Silk Roads connected China, Siberia, Central Asia, India, The Middle East, and The Mediterranean B... ...ations. The French and the English created slave-based sugar plantations on the Caribbean Islands (Marks 83). The slaves also became a central part of the economies in colonial America as it kept plantation a griculture going (Class Notes 12/6/10). The Mongols were the first pastoral group to basically become an empire. Then when China and Europe started to build themselves back up and start voyaging out into the sea, Trade became a general idea. China started to use silver as their currency, which meant that they needed the bulk of the worlds silver in Asia. The rest of the world benefited from trading their silver into Asia. currency was the first thing that really connected the whole world and specifically incorporated the Americas into their trading network. Then there was the fur and slave trade, which further brought unneurotic the world economy as a whole.

Just Another Veterans Day Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

Just A nonher Veterans Day My grandmother and I stopped in DC before we met up with my parents to go on a trip. The fact that we were there on Veterans Day was only a coincidence. True to my historically disinterested generation, the crowds of people as we left over(p) the hotel to walk towards the mall perplexed me. Only momentarily, of course the hundreds of predominantly middle-aged men, defiantly strutting, proudly adorning their wheelchairs and various prosthetics, required little introduction and less explanation. Amidst them I, not yet 15, variably slithered with ignorance, the inexperience of war and alongside, my Belgian-bred grandmother, veteran to a war these men could not know. Uncharacteristically, I fell prey to tourist trappings photographing the capital of Nebraska Memorial, vainly attempting to hunt down and shoot the one angle of the Reflecting Pool that no one, in the history of history, had yet to see. Others swarmed... ...e there than I their lack of detec t condemned them to a hell in which I do not particularly believe. In an attempt to capture what we all saw but were unable to comprehend, they blotted out the very purpose of this apotheosis. These soldiers, soulfully searching the black mirror for a prosthetic for their soul, their sanity a glimmer of sense in an event that delineate madness they deserved silence, solitude, peace. Instead, capitalism and greed spat in their face.

Just Another Veterans Day Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

Just Another Veterans Day My grandmother and I stopped in DC before we met up with my parents to go on a trip. The fact that we were there on Veterans Day was only a coincidence. True to my historically disinterested generation, the crowds of people as we left the hotel to walk towards the mall stick me. Only momentarily, of course the hundreds of predominantly middle-aged men, defiantly strutting, proudly adorning their wheelchairs and various prosthetics, required little introduction and less explanation. Amidst them I, not yet 15, variably slithered with ignorance, the soreness of war and alongside, my Belgian-bred grandmother, veteran to a war these men could not know. Uncharacteristically, I fell prey to tourist trappings photographing the Lincoln Memorial, vainly attempting to hunt downcast and shoot the one angle of the Reflecting Pool that no one, in the history of history, had yet to see. Others swarmed... ...e there than I their lack of respect condemned them to a he ll in which I do not particularly believe. In an attempt to capture what we all saw but were unable to comprehend, they obliterated the very purpose of this apotheosis. These soldiers, soulfully searching the black mirror for a prosthetic for their soul, their sanity a glimmer of sense in an event that defined madness they deserved silence, solitude, peace. Instead, capitalist economy and greed spat in their face.

Critical Analysis of the India Sri Lanka Fta

INDIA SRI LANKA BILATERAL FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Critical Analysis INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW PROJECT insure LLB 404 Submitted to Asst. Professor MANISH SHARMA Submitted by ADITYA VASHISTH 13510303809 (VIII Semester) May, 2013 Amity Law School, newfound Delhi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION. 3 2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. 5 3. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE ISFTA. 8 4. CHARACHTERESTICS OF THE ISFTA.. 10 5. sagacity OF TRADE UNDER THE ISFTA13 6. LOOKING BEYOND FTA CEPA. 17 7. CONCLUSION19 8.BIBLIOGRAPHY20 INTRODUCTION The growth of regional stack blocs has been one of the major developments in international relations in recent twelvemonths. During the 1990s, regionalism was conceived as a developmental option in itself that would promote competitiveness of mint bloc members and serve up their debased integrating into the international economy. As per the World Bank report on Global Economic Prospects (2005) the number of the Regional slyness Agreements (RTAs) has more than quadrupled sin ce 1990 ascent to around 230 by late 2004 and the c be between RTA partners now constitutes nearly 40% of fall global throw.Quoting, World barter Organisation (WTO) this report estimates some other 60 agreements at various stages of negotiations. The World Bank report points out that the boom in Regional hatful Agreements (RTAs) reflects changes in certain countries trade insurance objectives, the changing perceptions of the multilateral liberalization process, and the re consolidation into the global economy of countries in transition from socialism. Regional agreements vary widely, but all incur the objective of reducing barriers to trade between member countries which implies discrimination against trade with other countries.At their simplest, these agreements merely remove taxs on intra bloc trade in goods, but many go beyond that to c over non- tax barriers and to extend liberalization to investment and other policies. At their deepest, they concord the goal of economi c union and involve the construction of shared executive, judicial, and legislative institutions. 1 Among the sevener member countries of the South Asiatic Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC), India and Sri local area networkka accounts for the heavy(p)st bilaterally symmetric trade flow in the region.Thanks to the India-Sri Lanka costless Trade Agreement (ISFTA) that was sign-language(a) between the cardinal countries in December 1998 and operationalized in March 2000. However, almost at the same time in 1993 the agreement on South Asian Preferential affair Arrangement (SAPTA) was signed among the seven member countries of SAARC. The objective was to promote and sustain trade and economic cooperation within the SAARC region through the exchange of concessions. This pushed the agenda for promoting bilateral trade between India and Sri Lanka to the background.However, the negotiations infra SAPTA progressed at a very slow pace and became a time consuming process. T he failure of SAPTA brought astir(predicate) the desire for a free trade agreement with India to the forefront from the Sri Lankan side. It was felt that much(prenominal) an agreement would give the much needed market access to the exporters from Sri Lanka. India was as well keen to consume the South Asian markets and expressed its willingness to consider bilateral free trade agreements with its South Asian neighbours.Accordingly, the India-Sri Lanka allow Trade Agreement (ISFTA) was signed between the both countries on 28 December, 1998 in New Delhi, India and came into operation on 1 March, 2000. India and Sri Lanka look upon regional/bilateral FTAs as a complement to the multilateral affair system by ensuring the compatibility of the FTAs with the rules laid down by the WTO. Also, both countries are members of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) which envisaged the formation of a South Asian Free Trading Arrangement (SAFTA) through successive roun ds of tariff concessions between member countries.However, the efforts of member countries nurture not yielded the expected results. 2 A Joint battlefield Group with re recordatives from both countries was set up which submitted its report in October 2003 that paved the way for negotiations on the Comprehensive Economic alliance Agreement (CEPA). In the present context of Indo-Sri Lanka trade, the services agreement aims to remove/reduce market access and national treatment barriers, and promote co-operation between the services sectors of the both countries. 3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Trade relations between Sri Lanka and India date back to pre-colonial times.Under British rule, trade between the two countries was geared to fulfill the needs of the colonial power in the occupying territory, and was henpecked by issues and exports in food-related items. After independence in 1947 and 1948 for India and Sri Lanka respectively, both national governments select inward-looking policies centered on the concepts of self-reliance and import substitution industrialization. Consequentially, a very modest level of trading took place between what became two virtually closed economies. In 1977, Sri Lanka became the first South Asian boorish to liberalize its economy, crack it up to the rest of the world.However, substandard products from India the result of excessive inward-looking policies were not competitive against the goods from East Asia that flooded the Sri Lankan market. With partial liberalization of the Indian economy during the 1980s and supercharge liberalization in 1991, trade began to pick up, particularly in favour of India. Between 1993 and 1996, there was a doubling of two-way trade, and between 1990 and 1996 imports of Indian goods to Sri Lanka grew by 556 per cent. In 1995, India replaced Japan as the largest extraction of imports to Sri Lanka, accounting for 8-9 per cent of total imports.For Sri Lanka, it became evident that trade with the SAARC re gion ultimately amounted to trade with India owing to the sheer size of the latters rapidly emerging economy and expanding middle-class population. Hence, the perceived mutual benefits of free trade between the two countries became increasingly clear. Sri Lankas cloak-and-dagger sector frustrated by the slow progress of the SAPTA4 to boost regional trade pressurized the government to enter into a free trade agreement (FTA) with the Indian government that would amplify market access for Sri Lankan exporters. 5Birth of the ISFTA (India Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement)6 Politics was ultimately the major mutanter in the move towards free trade. Sri Lanka entertained the intrust of clearing away the semipolitical tensions of the 1980s and engaging Indias assistance once more in solving the North/East conflict of the country. India was propelled by an immediate need to acquire South Asian markets following economic sanctions imposed on the country for the nuclear tests conducted i n May 1998. Among other factors, these political quarters led to the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Bilateral Free Trade Agreement (ILBFTA) on December 28, 1998.The Commerce Secretary of India and Finance Secretary of Sri Lanka exchanged letters that operationalise the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) between India and Sri Lanka signed in New Delhi on 28 December 1998 by H. E. the President of Sri Lanka and the Honorable Prime Minister of India with burden from 1st March 2000. 7 The economic objectives of Sri Lanka were to increase Trade ties with South Asias dominant economic power, to induce the transformation of Sri Lankas exports from low- appraise added goods to high value-added goods aimed at niche markets, and to provide low-in scrape groups with cheap consumer imports from India.Moreover, Sri Lanka hoped to attract more export-oriented conflicting direct investment (FDI) from third countries by promoting itself as an effective entry point into the Indian marke t. With the visiting card of Investment (BOI) being made a one stop shop in the early 1990s, Sri Lanka has long been a relatively appealing location for external investors compared to its more bureaucratized South Asian neighbours. 8 Thus, the agreement with effect from 1st March 2000, aimed to provide certificate of indebtedness free as well as duty option access for the goods manufactured in the two countries.Both the countries had enumerateed products for immediate duty free entry into separately others territories. India having agreed to phase out its tariffs on a large number of items within a period of three twelvemonths. Sri Lanka, likewise to do so in eight years. Both the countries had drawn up Negative bring ups in respect of which no duty concessions will apply. These Lists would include items on which protection to local industry had been considered essential. Both the countries intended to reduce the items in the Negative List through periodic consultations. 9 Th e Agreement sets out the Rules of Origin criteria for eligibility for discriminatory access.Products having domestic value addition of 35% will qualify for discriminative market access. Sri Lankas exports with a domestic value addition content of 25% will also qualify for entry to the Indian market if they have a lower limit of 10% Indian content. 10 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE ISFTA The conceptualization phase of the ISFTA occurred between December 1998 and March 2000, and was based on several previous studies and recommendations. 11 The agreement was intended to subvert the existing economic partnership to a lower place the SAARC, viz. , SAPTA. Bilateral free trade greements are traditionally formulated using the positive list approach, whereby each participating country catalogues the individual commodities for which it would grant preferences to the other. Nonetheless, owing to the time-consuming nature of such a method, the ISFTA was formulated on the prohibit list approach e ach country extending concessions/ preferences to all commodities except those indicated in its negative list, viz. items of a sensitive nature with regard to protecting national interests. The two countries agreed for discriminative treatment on 5112 tariff lines (by 6-digit HS Code).An 8-year time table was devised for phasing out tariffs. Non-tariff barriers, such as Indian State taxes and customs- level procedures (e. g. , landing tax), were to be gradually removed(p) as well. 12 Taking into account the asymmetry between the two countries, Sri Lanka was accorded special and differential treatment the immediate duty- free list (319 items) and 50 per cent advantageous duty list (889 items) were considerably littler than those offered by India (1,351 items and 2,799 items, respectively), while the Sri Lankan negative list (1,180 items) was considerably larger than Indias (196 items).Among others, the agricultural sector of Sri Lanka was not able to liberalization and was inc luded in the negative list. The majority of Indian exports were initially granted only a 35 per cent duty concession with an 8-year tariff reduction period, while Sri Lankan exports were granted a 50 per cent concession with a 3-year tariff reduction period. Moreover, Sri Lanka was granted the freedom to reduce its negative list at her comfort level, instead of a pre-determined formula. Rules of origin (ROO) criteria were also relaxed in Sri Lankas favour.Preferential treatment requires a minimum of 35 per cent domestic value addition, or 25 per cent when Indian inputs comprise 10 per cent. In addition, although the agreement does not feature revenue compensation, Sri Lanka maintained that tariff concessions would not be granted for high-duty imports such as automobiles import duties are an important source of government revenue and comprise 2 per cent of Sri Lankan GDP. Some aspects of the agreement were deferred for subsequent negotiation these include the number of entry ports, I ndian state-level taxes, customs procedures, and the specifics of phasing out non-tariff barriers. 13 The agreement included mechanisms for review and consultation, as well as settlement of disputes above and beyond the protection afforded to both countries low the safeguards clause. CHARACHTERESTICS OF THE ISFTA The ILFTA between India and Sri Lanka is a landmark in the bilateral relations between the two countries. It is expected to bring about enhanced trade between the two countries as well as to expanded and diversified cooperation in a range of economic spheres, including investments. This is the first such Agreement in the South Asian region which could serve as a model for similar bilateral Agreements in the region.It has an institutional framework in the form of the Indo-Lanka Joint Commission, a dispute settlement mechanism, and so forth. Its signifi understructurece further lies in that it can be implemented more expeditiously and also more flexibly, unlike the protract ed nature of negotiations generally associated with multilateral arrangements. 14 These following features characterize Indo-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement Elimination of Tariffs 1. By India Zero duty on items upon entering into force of the Agreement the list is to be finalized within 60 days of signing of the Agreement. E) 1351 products. Concessions on Textile items restricted to 25% on Chapters 51-56, 58-60, & 63. Four Chapters under the Textile sector retained in the negative list (Chapters 50, 57, 61 and 62) (TEX) 528 products. Garments covering Chapters 61&62 while remaining in the negative list, will be given 50% tariff concessions on a fixed basis, subject to an annual restriction of eight cardinal pieces, of which hexad million shall be extended the concession only if made of Indian fabric, provided that no category of garments shall exceed one and half million ieces per annum (GAM). 50% tariff preference on quin tea items, subject to a quota of 15 million Kg. Per y ear (TEA) 5 products. 50% bound of preference upon coming into force of this Agreement on all items, except for those on the negative list. To be phased out to zero duty in three years (IR) 2799 products. A negative list of 429 items to be retained (D I) 429 products 2. By Sri Lanka Zero duty on about 319 items upon entering into force of the Agreement (F I) 319 products. Phasing out of tariffs on items with 50% margin of preference on 889 products upon coming into force of the Agreement, with up to 70% at the end of the 1st year, up to 90% at the end of the 2nd year and 100% at the end of 3rd year (F II) 889 products. For the remaining items, (except for those on the negative list), which is the Residual List, preference would be not less than 35% in advance the expiry of three years, 70% before the expiry of six years and 100% before the expiry of eighth year. (SLR) 2724 products. A negative list of 1180 items (DII) 1180 products. OBJECTIVES The Objectives adopted are Analy ze how much of the bilateral trade both imports and exports are covered under different categories of concessions offered and received by India and Sri Lanka over the past five years, viz. 1996-97 to 2000-01. To analyze, in terms of 21 HS Sections, the distribution of trade under each category. To analyze the top products in terms of 8-digit HS Classification for India and 6-digit classification for Sri Lanka under each category to identify the success stories. To ascertain the trade potential between the two countries and assess the same in terms of products offered concessions under different categories. This exercise is based on the last year of data availability. The concessions offered by the Contracting States have been at 6-digit HS classification. In order to attain the aforementioned objectives, the bilateral trade data15 is analyzed at the highest level of desegregation for India, viz. 8-digit HS classification by disaggregating all concessions at 6-digit classification to 8-digit levels. ASSESSMENT OF TRADE UNDER THE ISFTAThe India Sri Lanka FTA was signed in 1998 and became operational in March 2000. Mutual phased tariff concessions on different products on 6 digit Harmonized Classification (HS Code) basis have been granted by both the partners. Each side is having its negative lists16 (no concessions), positive list (immediate full concessions) and a residual list5 (phased tariff reductions) as per the framework of ISLFTA. The preferential trade under the FTA is governed by Rules of Origin, which specify the criteria for a product to qualify for tariff concessions from the importing member.After signing of ISFTA, trade between India and Sri Lanka has increased manifold. Indias import from Sri Lanka was US$ 45 million (0. 10% of total imports) in 1999, which increased to US$ 499 million (0. 29%) in 2006 Indias export to Sri Lanka was US$ 482 million (1. 4% of total exports), which became US$ 2110 (1. 74%) in 2006. Similarly, Sri Lankas import fo rm India in 1998 was 538 million (9. 49%), which increased to US$ 1804 million (18. 46% rank 1) in 2006. Sri Lankas exports to India has grown from US$ 35 million (0. 5%) in 1998 to US$ 490 million (7. 26%, rank 3) in the year 2006. In this way India became the major trading partner for Sri Lanka after the signing of the Agreement. The number of Sri Lankas export items to India increased from 505 in 1996 to 1,062 in 2006 items on 6 digits of HS classification. There is a visible shift in Sri Lankas exports from agricultural products to manufacturing goods The major products exported by Sri Lanka to India in 2006 included Fats and Oils (22. 3%), Copper and Articles of Copper (8. 6%), Electrical Machinery (8. %) and Spices, Coffee, Tea (6. 2%). Similarly, India exported Mineral Fuel, Oil (22. 44%), Vehicles (18. 08%), Iron and Steel (4. 54%), Machinery, Reactors, Boilers (4. 22%) and Pharmaceutical Products (4. 13%) to Sri Lanka. There has been an increase in total share of import of Sri Lankan goods from 0. 10% in 1999 to 0. 29% in 2006. The import from Sri Lanka has also increased in the items on the residual list from 0. 2% in 1996 to 0. 47% in 2006. It is channelworthy that there has been an increase in the imports even in the negative list items from 0. % in 2001 to 1. 19 % in 2006. This could be mainly due to the increased awareness to partners market, smoothening of customs issues and improved access to ports of entry due to the increased engagement of partner countries on products having preferential tariffs on residual list, the so called border effects. By 2008, the ISFTA entered into full force. Both governments were pleased with the results achieved through the Free Trade Agreement and proclaim that it had facilitated the expansion of two-way trade between India and Sri Lanka.India, which was once the second largest exporter to Sri Lanka pre-ISLFTA, has now become the islands largest source of imports. Meanwhile India has become the third largest e xport destination for Sri Lankan products (after the United States of America and the European Union). The argument is that, given the asymmetrical proportions of the economies of the two countries, if not for the ISLFTA, Sri Lankan exports would not have been able to achieve their current level of market penetration. The bilateral import-export ratio that had been 10. 1 in 2000 had improved in Sri Lankas favour to 5. 31 by 2007. According to the then Indian High Commissioner to Colombo, the ratio may have been as skewed as 401 (in Indias advantage, of course) had the ISLFTA not been in operation. 17 Over the ten years in which the ISLFTA has been in operation, Indian foreign direct investment in Sri Lanka has also expanded exponentially, most recently in telecommunications (Bharti Airtel) and glass-manufacturing (Piramal Glass), and biscuits and sweets (Britannia).In 2009, India was the islands third largest foreign investor (after China and the United Kingdom) with inflows of US$7 8 million and largely attracted to the telecommunications, energy and power sectors (Central Bank of Sri Lanka 2010 114). The Institute of Policy Studies (2008 47-48) has estimated that Indian foreign direct investment has expanded from a cumulative total of LKR165 million in 1998 (1. 3 percent of total FDI) to LKR19. 5 billion in 2005 (8. 3 percent of total FDI). However, the causal connection between the start of the ISLFTA and the spiral in inward foreign direct nvestment from India is asserted rather than demonstrated, and may have more to do with aggressive Indian investment strategies since that countrys economic boom, than the existence of the Free Trade Agreement. 18 IMPACT OF THE FTA Despite its importance in the South Asian region, not many empirical studies have been conducted to access the impact of ISFTA. One schooling that attempted to analyze the impact of this FTA was conducted by Kelegema and Mukherjee in February 200719. Their study is based on the bilateral trad e flows under different categories of products.Sector wise imports and exports figures are compared before and after the FTA. They have concluded that the two countries have displayed political will to forge ahead towards economic integration and the considerable size disparity between the two economies does not hinder bilateral free trade when appropriate special and differential treatment is accorded to the smaller country. Some new goods from Sri Lanka have found entry into the Indian market following the exchange of preferences.Finally, they have concluded that the economic benefits of free trade can and do override political problems. 20 Another report on evaluating economic performance of the FTA is ? Joint adopt Group on India Sri Lanka Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement constituted by the partner Governments (JSG report, 2003)21. JSG (2003) has concluded that ISLFTA promoted a 48% increase in bilateral trade between 2001 and 2002, and at present India is the large st source of imports into Sri Lanka, accounting for 14% of Sri Lankas global imports.India is the fifth largest export destination for Sri Lankan goods accounting for 3. 6% of Sri Lankas global exports. 22 Based on the success of ISFTA, the JSG has recommended that the two countries enter into a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) covering trade in services and investment and to build upon the ISLFTA by deepening and outfit the coverage and binding of trade in goods. LOOKING BEYOND FTA CEPA The decision to work towards a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) was taken in June 2002.During the visit of the Sri Lankan Prime Minister to India in June 2002, the Prime Ministers of India and Sri Lanka discussed the profound changes in the international economic and political arena that have been generated by the process of globalization, on the one hand, and emergence of closer regional economic associations, on the other. They agreed on the need to widen the ambit of the ISLFTA to go beyond trade in goods to include services and to facilitate greater investment flow between the two countries.Accordingly, a Joint Study Group (JSG) was set up to take up recommendations on how to take the two economies beyond trade towards greater integration and to impart renewed impetus and synergy to the bilateral economic interaction, through the proof of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). 23 Both sides have committed to an agreement consistent with the rules of the WTO. While the numerous shortcomings of the existing FTA must be remedied, its evident achievements can be built upon with relative ease to formulate the new agreement.The required institutional support is already in place with the conspiracy of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Ceylon Chamber Commerce, which function as the focal points for economic cooperation, as well as the Indo-Lanka Joint Commission and the FTAs Working Group on Customs. The first round of technical-level negotiations (TLNs) on the CEPA commenced in February 2005, somewhat delayed after changes in government in both countries. sevensome rounds of negotiations have been completed by 2006. The CEPA is to cover trade in goods and services, investment liberalization, and economic cooperation.The negotiations on goods focus primarily on reducing the ISFTAs negative lists, relaxing ROO criteria, signing mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) on product standards and certification procedures, and concluding the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on consumer protection and legal metrology. Particular attention will be given to growing the supply side of the Sri Lankan economy. The CEPA will be notified under the GATTs Article XXIV24, which covers substantial trade instead of under the Enabling Clause which provides more flexibility to etermine the trade coverage between developing countries. In a nutshell, the main objectives of the CEPA are to 1. Deepen ex isting preferential trade between the two countries 2. Reduce the negative lists of the ILBFTA 3. Relax ROO criteria 4. Liberalize the services sector beyond the coverage of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 5. Liberalize investment 6. Facilitate economic cooperation as an impetus for liberalization of the services and investment sectors, with the Indian Line of Credit to play a crucial role. 25 CONCLUSIONThe operationalisation of the ISFTA in 2000 was an important step taken by the two countries to harness the economic complementarities between them. As expected, post ISFTA bilateral trade performance between India and Sri Lanka indicates that exports and imports have grown considerably, accompanied by significant product diversification. Despite the fact that the ISFTA was confined to trade in goods, increases in trade links between India and Sri Lanka have been further triggered by large investment flows as well as services integration between two countries over t ime.Nevertheless, investment flows have been mostly one sided as would be expected, flowing from India to Sri Lanka, where the bulk of Indian investment in manufacturing in the post ISFTA phase has come from Indian investors keen to take advantage of preferential duty access to the Indian market in key sectors such as Vanaspathi and copper. Nevertheless, the potential for greater linkages in investment and services has been fairly obvious based on recent performance, and in part has encouraged both countries to further deepen integration in these areas under the CEPA framework.It is evident from detailed analysis of postISFTA trade flows that Sri Lankas exports to India have expanded significantly. However, it is also clear that the overwhelming share of the increase has originated in a few commodities, raising concerns about the sustainability of the growth momentum in the long term. The bulk of the exports have been concentrated in two items, namely the vegetable fats and oils an d copper and articles of copper, which are not considered to be sustainable in the long run.It is by resolving these issues that the movement towards CEPA could be put on fast track to make it a reality. CEPA has the potential to break new ground in South Asias forward movement towards economic prosperity. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Mukherjee, I. N. , T. Jayawardena and S. Kelegama (2002), India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement An estimation of Potential and Impact, SANEI completed study (www. saneinetwork. net ). 2. The Graduate Institute Geneva, HEID Working Paper No 04/2010 An Econometric Analysis of the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. 3. Kelegama, S. nd Mukherji I. N. (2007), India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Free Trade Agreement Six Years Performance and Beyond, RIS DP 119, February 2007, Research and Information System for Developing Countries, New Delhi. 4. JSG (2003), India-Sri Lanka Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, Joint Study Group, October 2003, http//www. ips. lk/publicat ions/etc/cepa_reprot/islcepa. pdf 5. Jayawardena, L. et al. (1993), Indo-Sri Lanka Economic Cooperation Facilitating Trade Expansion through a Reciprocal Preference Scheme, The United Nations University, WIDER, Helsinki. 6. An Act of trustfulness? ten years of the India-Sri Lanka FTA, Law & Society Trust, Sri Lanka, March 2010 (PDF File) 7. India Sri Lanka FTA Lessons for SAFTA, CUTS International, Dushni Weerakoon, Jayanthi Thennakoon. (PDF File) 8. Panchamukhi, V. R. et al. (1992), Indo-Sri Lanka Economic Cooperation An Operational Programme, the United Nations University, WIDER, Helsinki. 9. Taneja, N. , A. Mukherjee, S. Jayanetti, and T. Jayawardena (2004), Indo-Sri Lanka Trade in Services FTA II and Beyond, SANEI completed study (www. saneinetwork. net ). 1 An Econometric Analysis of India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement, HEID Working Paper No 04/2010 2 See Shome (2001) Harilal and Joseph (1999) Taneja (2001). 3 Several Free Trade Agreements related to goods trade are more o f Preferential Trade Agreements rather than Free Trade Agreements. In the case of Indo-Sri Lanka, the terms CEPA and FTA are interchangeable. 4 The SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) was signed in April 1993 and came into operation in December 1995. 5 RIS-DP 119 India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Free trade Agreement, Saman Kelegama & Indra Nath Mukherjee. 6 Available on the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka website, http//www. boi. lk 7 Supra, note 5. 8 Supra note 5. 9 Indo-Sri Lanka FTA An Assessment of Potential and Impact, Saman Kelegama & Indra Nath Mukherjee. 10 Supra note 9. 11 See Jayawardena, L. et al. (1993) and Panchamukhi, V. R. et al. (1992). 12 Supra note 5. 13 India had committed to the WTO that it would remove non-tariff barriers by 2004. 14 Supra note 9. 15 The data has been obtained from the Ministry of Commerce (India) electronic database over the period of 1996-97 to 2000-01. 16 Items, which are considered sensitive to the domestic industry by each partner to FT A, are included in the respective negative list. The items in negative list of Sri Lanka are not entitled for any duty concessions for imports from India. The same rule applies in case of Indias negative list for Sri Lan kan products. 17 An Act of Faith? ten years of the India-Sri Lanka FTA, Law & Society Trust, Sri Lanka, March 2010. 18 Supra note 17. 19 Supra note 9. 20 Supra note 1. 21 Joint Study Group Report on India-Sri Lanka Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (JSG, 2003), can be found at http//www. ps. lk/news/newsarchive/2003/20102003_islcepa_final/islcepa. pdfsearch=India%20Sri%20Lanka%20Trade%20Study 22 Supra note 1. 23 Supra note 21. 24 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 25 The Indian Line of Credit is a credit facility granted by India to other developing countries to purchase goods and services from India, usually with a long re-payment period. Since January 2001, Sri Lanka has borrowed a total of US $281 million for the purchase of food, petroleum , buses, roofing sheets, and consulting services.

Compare or contrast two colleges Essay

I take hold attended to two different colleges in the join States and the fact is that they are quite different in some points. After graduating Quincy High School, I enrolled in an English as Second Language weapons platform in the Suffolk University to get accepted to the school. One year later, I transferred to Quincy College. According to my experience, I recognize the differences between a university and a community college in damage of their campus size, tuitions and fees, and their students activities.The first difference between a university and a community college is size. A university has a larger campus and more buildings. In contrast, a community college is smaller and has few classrooms. For instance, Quincy College only has two main buildings facilitated for teachings and learning while Suffolk University categorizes each major in one large building such as school of equity and school of business. Moreover, the university also has more spaces for library, cafeteria , gymnasium, and stadium to serve an enormous student body.On the other hand, the community college has limited spaces to expand its facilities. In general, the university has to provide run for more students than the community college so that its campus should be larger. Secondly, the tuitions and fees of a four-year university are more expensive than a community college. Even though the pecuniary aid tail assembly cover some of the tuitions and fees, they are sometimes still too much to afford for some students. For example, I needed to pay the remaining after receiving financial aid by myself.When I was at Suffolk University, I had owed direct loans to the federal government and some private loans. Conversely, my tuitions and fees at Quincy College are fully covered by my financial aid. That saves me a lot and I dont have to borrow some extra money to finance my college. In addition, after compensable off my tuitions and fees, I still have some money for books and stationerie s. It can be seen that the community college is much inexpensive than a university.Thirdly, students activities more vary at the university than the community college. Students at the university have more choices for clubs and school activities. A universitys gambling team, for example, is established to attract students with sport talents and to compete with other universitys sport team. On the other hand, the community college only offers few of clubs and it does not have a sport league for student to join. With more choices of clubs and extra curriculum activities, the university students have more opportunities to develop their talents and socialize with other students.The community college students, however, do not have many chances and conditions to attend more extra curriculum after school. Students canvass at the university would have more options and opportunities to enrich their social life as well as their talents. In conclusion, studying at the community college is mo re affordable for those who have limited educational budget, but still want to experience an academic college environment. In contrast, despite being costly, the university will satisfy students who like to increase their capacities with its fully equipped campus and variety of activities. Choosing to study at the community college or the university significantly depends on an individuals financial conditions, abilities and future plans.

Finance And Families Essay

The population heterogeneity theory forecasts that, stress resistance is closely attached to mortality. Accordingly, persons in a population who pass away prematurely in life will likely be respective(prenominal)s who are less resistant to environmental stresses. Those persons with a high longetivity are those individuals who are very resistant, and these persons as a grouping might have an extremely gradually increasing rate of mortality, yielding an estimated mortality level while the less- resistant clusters pass away. (Viano, E, 1992) twain different perspectives on the causes of marital violence (Viano, E, 1992, p.158)i.Feminist perspective This perspective argues that, violence in the family is created by a patriarchal society in which the power of the potent dominates. Historically, marital violence is viewed as been condoned by values as well as norms in the society. Consequently, one of the concrete subjects that the battered womans crew is confronted with is defying the tendency of the psychological health profession to renounce a feminist analysis.ii.Sociological perspective This perspective argues that, physical violence is not a manifestation of individual pathology. However it is an essential mark of human association. Physical violence is viewed as almost normal and widespread, in other words, statistically common and ethnically accepted, feature of family life. Therefore, environmental interferences and social system are thought suitable.What is double jeopardy risk regarding women being victims of marital violence?Double jeopardy refers to individuals who are more at danger than the general populace since they are fatalities of other types of oppression The following groups of females are at risk (Viano, E, 1992) Disabled women and girls Disabled girls are cardinal times more probable (than the nationwide standard) to be intimately maltreated. Approximately 53% of women who have been disabled since birth have been maltreated, raped or ph ysically attacked. Approximately 83% of disabled women will be sexually or physically attacked. Aboriginals /First states An approximated 57% of indigenous females have been sexually maltreated. The rate of sexual abuse in children in a number of aboriginal societies is as elevated as 75 to 80 % for young women below the age of 8 years. Fresh Canadians Dread of the police as well as fear of being exiled frequently keep expatriates and migrant females from reporting family mistreatment.(a)What is child abuse? babe abuse is the mad/mental or physical ill-treatment of children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes child mistreatment as every act or order of taking action or omission or commission by a care giver, parent or other close relative that results in injury, potential injury, or treat of injury to a child. The majority of child abuse takes place in a childs residence, with a lesser amount taking place in the schools, associations or groups of mess the child intermingles with. There are four main types of child abuse sexual abuse, emotional/mental abuse as well as physical abuse. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1)(b)The prevalence of child abuse in the United StatesAccording to the 1997 American National citizens committee to prevent child abuse, neglect represented approximately 54% of established incidences of child abuse, corporal abuse 22%, sexual exploitation 8%, and extra forms of mistreatment 12%. A report on the well-being of the child by UNICEF affirmed that, the United States ranked lowest amongst developed countries with reverence to the welfare of children. This investigation also established that child abuse and child neglect are far more widespread in families with a single parent than in family units with both parents. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1)A study recently carried out by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention established that, approximately 1 in 50 babies in the United States are fatalities of nonfatal maltrea tment or neglect. In the U.S, neglect is described as the failure to meet up the fundamental wants of the children comprising food, clothes, security as well as access to health care. Researchers established more than 91 000 incidences of neglect within a span of one year (beginning October 2005-September, 2006) with their entropy emanating from a list of cases authenticated by protective services organizations. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1)5. The concepts and principles f Social acquirement Theory The social learning theory is the theory that people are taught novel behavior through punishment or explicit reinforcement, or through observational studying of their environments social actors. If individuals comment optimistic, desired results in the observed conduct, they are more probable to emulate, adopt or model the conduct themselves. (Akers, R, 2009)Social learning theory is obtained from Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904)s be given which suggested that social learning takes place throug h four major stages of limitation (Akers, R, 2009) Comprehending of concepts Imitation of seniors. Close contact. Role model conduct.REFERENCE LISTAkers, R. (2009) Social Learning and Social Structure A General Theory of Crime andDeviance. Transaction Publishers.ISBN1412809991, 9781412809993.Franchi, C. (1987) Child abuse and its consequences observational approaches. CUPArchive. ISBN 0521316146, 9780521316149.Viano, E. (1992) Intimate violence interdisciplinary perspectives. Taylor & Francis.ISBN 560322446, 9781560322443.

Second Foundation 6. One Man, the Mule – and Another

Two men, appargonntly relaxed and just at ease, poles apart physic all(a) in ally with every affection that served as emotional detector quivering tensely.The mule, for the first time in long long time, had insufficient surety of his own way. Channis knew that, though he could protect himself for the moment, it was an enterprise and that the attack upon him was none such for his opponent. In a test of endurance, Channis knew he would lose.But it was deadly to think of that. To give away to the scuff an emotional helplessness would be to hand him a utensil. There was already that glimpse of something a winners something in the Mules headland.To gain time-why did the others delay? Was that the source of the Mules authority? What did his opponent write out that he didnt? The mind he watched told nonhing. If nevertheless he could read ideas. And yet-Channis braked his own moral whirling roughly. There was except that to gain time-Channis verbalize Since it is decided, and non denied by myself after our little duel over Pritcher, that I am a stand by knowledgeabilityer, suppose you tell me why I came to Tazenda.Oh, no, and the Mule laughed, with high-pitched confidence, I am not Pritcher. I need make no explanations to you. You had what you thought were reasons. Whatever they were, your actions suited me, and so I inquire no further.Yet thither moldiness be such gaps in your conception of the story. Is Tazenda the split second Foundation you expected to find? Pritcher spoke much of your other attempt at finding it, and of your psychologist tool, Ebling Mis. He babbled a bit sometimes under my uh slight encouragement. Think back on Ebling Mis, surviveing line Citizen.Why should I? ConfidenceChannis mat that confidence edge out into the open, as if with the passage of time, any anxiety the Mule might be having was increasingly vanishing.He said, firmly restraining the rush of desperation You privation curiosity, then? Pritcher told me of M is vast surprise at something. There was his terribly drastic urging for speed, for a rapid warning of the Second Foundation? Why? Why? Ebling Mis died. The Second Foundation was not warned. And yet the Second Foundation exists.The Mule smiled in real pleasure, and with a sudden and surprising dash of cruelty that Channis matt-up advance and suddenly withdraw But app arently the Second Foundation was warned. Else how and why did one liberate Channis arrive on Kalgan to handle my men and to tire the rather thankless task of outwitting me. The warning came too late, that is all.Then, and Channis abandoned pity to drench outward from him, you dont take down know what the Second Foundation is, or anything of the deeper meaning of all that has been going on.To gain timeThe Mule felt the others pity, and his eyes narrowed with instant hostility. He rubbed his nose in his familiar four-fingered gesture, and snapped Amuse yourself, then. What of the Second Foundation?Channis spoke delib erately, in words rather than in emotional symbology. He said From what I digest heard, it was the mystery that surrounded the Second Foundation that well-nigh puzzled Mis. Hari Seldon founded his two units so differently. The maiden Foundation was a splurge that in two centuries dazzled half the beetleweed. And the Second was an abyss that was dark.You wont understand why that was, unless you fuel once over again feel the intellectual atmosphere of the days of the dying empire. It was a time of absolutes, of the great final generalities, at least in thought. It was a sign of decaying culture, of course, that dams had been built against the further development of ideas. It was his revolt against these dams that made Seldon famous. It was that one last spark of youthful creation in him that lit the Empire in a sunset glow and dimly foreshadowed the rising sun of the Second Empire.Very dramatic. So what?So he created his Foundations according to the laws of psychohistory, and w ho knew purify than he that flavourless those laws were relative. He never created a finished product. Finished products are for decadent minds. His was an evolving mechanism and the Second Foundation was the instrument of that evolution. We, First Citizen of your short-lived Union of Worlds, we are the guardians of Seldons Plan. Only weAre you trying to talk yourself into courage, inquired the Mule, contemptuously, or are you trying to impress me? For the Second Foundation, Seldons Plan, the Second Empire all impresses me not the least, nor touches any spring of compassion, sympathy, responsibility, nor any other source of emotional aid you may be trying to tap in me. And in any case, ridiculous fool, speak of the Second Foundation in the bypast tense, for it is destroyed.Channis felt the emotional potential that pressed upon his mind rise in intensity as the Mule rose from his chair and approached. He fought back furiously, besides something crept relentlessly on within him , battering and bending his mind back and back.He felt the environ behind him, and the Mule faced him, skinny arms akimbo, lips smiling terribly beneath that mountain of nose.The Mule said Your game is through, Channis. The game of all of you-of all the men of what used to be the Second Foundation. Used to be Used to beWhat were you sitting here delay for all this time, with your babble to Pritcher, when you might harbor struck him down and taken the blaster from him without the least effort of sensible force? You were waiting for me, werent you, waiting to greet me in a situation that would not too arouse my suspicions.Too bad for you that I needed no arousal. I knew you. I knew you well, Channis of the Second Foundation.But what are you waiting for now? You static throw words at me desperately, as though the mere sound of your voice would freeze me to my seat. And all the while you speak, something in your mind is waiting and waiting and is still waiting. But no one is comin g. None of those you expect none of your allies. You are alone here, Channis, and you give remain alone. Do you know why?It is because your Second Foundation miscalculated me to the very dregs of the end. I knew their plan early. They thought I would follow you here and be proper meat for their cooking. You were to be a entice indeed a decoy for a poor, foolish weakling mutant, so hot on the trail of Empire that he would fall blindly into an writ large pit. But am I their prisoner?I wonder if it occurred to them that Id scarcely be here without my fleet against the artillery of any unit of which they are entirely and pitifully helpless? Did it occur to them that I would not pause for discussion or wait for events?My ships were launched against Tazenda twelve hours ago and they are quite, quite through with their mission. Tazenda is fixed in ruins its centers of population are wiped out. There was no resistance. The Second Foundation no longer exists, Channis and I, the queer , ugly weakling, am the ruler of the Galaxy.Channis could do nothing however shake his head feebly. No- No-Yes- Yes- mimicked the Mule. And if you are the last one alive, and you may be, that will not be for long either.And then there followed a short, pregnant pause, and Channis more or less howled with the sudden pain of that watering penetration of the innermost tissues of his mind.The Mule drew back and muttered Not enough. You do not pass the test after all. Your despair is largeness. Your fear is not the broad overwhelming that adheres to the destruction of an ideal, plainly the puny seeping fear of personal destruction.And the Mules weak hand seized Channis by the throat in a puny grip that Channis was somehow unable to break.You are my insurance, Channis. You are my director and safeguard against any underestimation I may make. The Mules eyes practise down upon him. Insistent- Demanding-Have I calculated rightly, Channis? Have I outwitted your men of the Second Foundat ion? Tazenda is destroyed, Channis, tremendously destroyed so why is your despair pretense? Where is the reality? I must(prenominal) have reality and truth Talk, Channis talk. Have I penetrated then, not deeply enough? Does the danger still exist? Talk, Channis. Where have I done wrong?Channis felt the words drag out of his mouth. They did not come willingly. He clenched his teeth against them. He bit his tongue. He tensed every muscle of his throat.And they came out gasping pulled out by force and tearing his throat and tongue and teeth on the way.Truth, he squeaked, truth-Yes, truth. What is left to be done?Seldon founded Second Foundation here. Here, as I said. I told no lie. The psychologists arrived and took control of the native population.Of Tazenda? The Mule plunged deeply into the flooding torture of the others emotional upwellings tearing at them brutally. It is Tazenda I have destroyed. You know what I want. Give it to me.Not Tazenda. I said Second Foundationers migh t not be those apparently in power Tazenda is the figurehead- The words were almost unrecognizable, forming themselves against every atom of will of the Second Foundationer, Rossem Rossem Rossem is the world-The Mule loosed his grip and Channis dropped into a huddle of pain and torture.And you thought to fool me? said the Mule, softly.You were fooled. It was the last dying shred of resistance in Channis.But not long enough for you and yours. I am in communication with my pass away. And after Tazenda loafer come Rossem. But first-Channis felt the excruciating nefariousness rise against him, and the automatic lift of his arm to his tortured eyes could not ward it off. It was a darkness that throttled, and as he felt his tom, wounded mind reeling backwards, backwards into the everlasting black there was that final picture of the triumphant Mule laughing matchstick that long, gruelling nose quivering with laughter.The sound faded away. The darkness embraced him lovingly.It ende d with a cracking sensation that was like the jagged glare of a lightning flash, and Channis came slowly to ball while sight cedeed painfully in blurry transmission through tear-drenched eyes.His head ached unbearably, and it was only with a stab of agony that he could bring up a hand to it.Obviously, he was alive. Softly, like feathers caught up in an eddy of air that had passed, his thoughts steadied and drifted to rest. He felt comfort suck in from outside. Slowly, torturedly, he bent his neck and relief was a sharp pang.For the door was open and the First talker stood just inside the threshold. He tried to speak, to shout, to warn but his tongue froze and he knew that a part of the Mules mighty mind still held him and clamped all speech within him.He bent his neck once more. The Mule was still in the room. He was angry and hot-eyed. He laughed no longer, but his teeth were bared in a ferocious smile.Channis felt the First Speakers rational influence moving gently over his mind with a healing touch and then there was the numbing sensation as it came into contact with the Mules defence for an instant of struggle and withdrew. The Mule said gratingly, with a fury that was grotesque in his meagre body Then another comes to greet me. His agile mind reached its tendrils out of the room- out- out-You are alone, he said.And the First Speaker interrupted with an acquiescence I am thoroughly alone. It is necessary that I be alone, since it was I who miscalculated your coming(prenominal) five years ago. There would be a certain satisfaction to me in change by reversaling that matter without aid. Unfortunately, I did not count on the strength of your surface area of Emotional Repulsion that surrounded this place. It took me long to penetrate. I congratulate you upon the skill with which it was constructed.Thank you for nothing, came the hostile rejoinder. Bandy no compliments with me. Have you come to play your brain splinter to that of yonder cracked pilla r of your realm?The First Speaker smiled Why, the man you call Bail Channis performed his mission well, the more so since he was not your mental equal by far. I can see, of course, that you have mistreated him, yet it may be that we may restore him fully even yet. He is a brave man, sir. He volunteered for this mission although we were able to predict mathematically the huge chance of damage to his mind a more cowardly alternative than that of mere physical crippling.Channis mind pulsed futilely with what he wanted to say and couldnt the warning he wished to shout and was unable to. He could only evanesce that continuous stream of fear- fear-The Mule was calm. You know, of course, of the destruction of Tazenda.I do. The assault by your fleet was foreseen.Grimly Yes, so I suppose. But not prevented, eh?No, not prevented. The First Speakers emotional symbology was plain. It was almost a self-horror a complete self-disgust And the fault is much more mine than yours. Who could have im agined your powers five years ago. We suspected from the start from the moment you captured Kalgan that you had the powers of emotional control. That was not too surprising, First Citizen, as I can explain to you.Emotional contact such as you and I occupy is not a very new development. Actually it is implicit in the human brain. Most humans can read emotion in a primitive manner by associating it pragmatically with facial expression, tone of voice and so on. A good many animals possess the module to a high degree they use the thought of smell to a good consummation and the emotions involved are, of course, less complex.Actually, humans are capable of much more, but the faculty of direct emotional contact tended to atrophy with the development of speech a million years back. It has been the great advance of our Second Foundation that this forgotten sense has been restored to at least some of its potentialities.But we are not born with its full use. A million years of decay is a formidable obstacle, and we must educate the sense, exercise it as we exercise our muscles. And there you have the main difference. You were born with it.So much we could calculate. We could also calculate the effect of such a sense upon a person in a world of men who did not possess it. The seeing man in the kingdom of the blind- We calculated the extent to which a megalomania would take control of you and we thought we were prepared. But for two factors we were not prepared.The first was the great extent of your sense. We can induce emotional contact only when in eyeshot, which is why we are more helpless against physical weapons than you might think. Sight plays such an enormous part. Not so with you. You are definitely cognise to have had men under control, and, further, to have had intimate emotional contact with them when out of sight and out of earshot. That was discovered too late.Secondly, we did not know of your physical shortcomings, particularly the one that seemed so important to you, that you adopted the name of the Mule. We didnt foresee that you were not merely a mutant, but a sterile mutant and the added psychic distortion due to your inferiority complex passed us by. We allowed only for a megalomania not for an intensely psychopathic paranoia as well.It is myself that bears the responsibility for having missed all that, for I was the leader of the Second Foundation when you captured Kalgan. When you destroyed the First Foundation, we found out but too late and for that fault millions have died on Tazenda.And you will correct things now? The Mules thin lips curled, his mind pulsing with hate What will you do? Fatten me? Restore me to a masculine vigor? Take away from my past the long childhood in an alien environment. Do you regret my sufferings? Do you regret my unhappiness? I have no sorrow for what I did in my necessity. Let the Galaxy Protect itself as best it can, since it stirred not a whit for my protection when I needed it.Your e motions are, of course, said the First Speaker, only the children of your background and are not to be condemned merely changed. The destruction of Tazenda was unavoidable. The alternative would have been a much greater destruction generally throughout the Galaxy over a period of centuries. We did our best in our limited way. We withdrew as many men from Tazenda as we could. We decentralized the rest of the world. Unfortunately, our measures were of necessity far from adequate. It left many millions to die do you not regret that?Not at all any more than I regret the hundred thousand that must die on Rossem in not more than six hours.On Rossem? said the First Speaker, quickly.He turned to Channis who had forced himself into a half-sitting posture, and his mind exerted its force. Channis, felt the duel of minds strain over him, and then there was a short snapping of the bond and the words came tumbling out of his mouth Sir, I have failed completely. He forced it from me not ten min utes forwards your arrival. I could not resist him and I offer no excuses. He knows Tazenda is not the Second Foundation. He knows that Rossem is.And the bonds closed down upon him again.The First Speaker frowned I see. What is it you are planning to do?Do you really wonder? Do you really find it backbreaking to penetrate the obvious? All this time that you have preached to me of the record of emotional contact all this time that you have been throwing words such as megalomania and paranoia at me, I have been working. I have been in contact with my Fleet and it has its orders. In six hours, unless I should for some reason counteract my orders, they are to flush it all of Rossem except this lone village and an area of a hundred square miles just about it. They are to do a thorough job and are then to land here.You have six hours, and in six hours, you cannot beat down my mind, nor can you save the rest of Rossem.The Mule spread his hands and laughed again while the First Speake r seemed to find difficulty in absorbing this new state of affairs.He said The alternative?Why should there even be an alternative? I can stand to gain no more by any alternative. Is it the lives of those on Rossem Im to be chary of? Perhaps if you allow my ships to land and submit, all of you all the men on the Second Foundation to mental control sufficient to suit myself, I may countermand the flood orders. It may be worthwhile to put so many men of high intelligence under my control. But then again it would be a considerable effort and perhaps not worth it after all, so Im not particularly eager to have you agree to it. What do you say, Second Foundationer? What weapon have you against my mind which is as strong as yours at least and against my ships which are stronger than anything you have ever dreamed of possessing?What have I? repeated the First Speaker, slowly Why nothing except a little grain such a little grain of knowledge that even yet you do not possess.Speak quick ly, laughed the Mule, speak inventively. For squirm as you might, you wont squirm out of this.Poor mutant, said the First Speaker, I have nothing to squirm out of. Ask yourself why was Bail Channis sent to Kalgan as a decoy Bail Channis, who though young and brave is almost as much your mental inferior as is this sleeping officer of yours, this Han Pritcher. Why did not I go, or another of our leaders, who would be more your match?Perhaps, came the supremely confident reply, you were not sufficiently foolish, since perhaps none of you are my match.The true reason is more logical. You knew Channis to be a Second Foundationer. He lacked the capacity to hide that from you. And you knew, too, that you were his superior, so you were not afraid to play his game and follow him as he wished you to in order to outwit him later(prenominal). Had I gone to Kalgan, you would have killed me for I would have been a real danger, or had I avoided death by concealing my identity, I would yet have failed in persuading you to follow me into space. It was only known inferiority that lured you on. And had you remained on Kalgan, not all the force of the Second Foundation could have harmed you, surrounded as you were by your men, your machines, and your mental power.My mental power is yet with me, squirmer, said the Mule, and my men and machines are not far off.Truly so, but you are not on Kalgan. You are here in the Kingdom of Tazenda, logically presented to you as the Second Foundation very logically presented. It had to be so presented, for you are a wise man, First Citizen, and would follow only logic.Correct, and it was a momentary victory for your side, but there was still time for me to worm the truth from your man, Channis, and still wisdom in me to realize that such a truth might exist.And on our side, oh, not-quite-sufficiently-subtle one, was the realization that you might go that one step further and so Bail Channis was prepared for you.That he most certainly was no t, for I stripped his brain jolly as any plucked chicken. It quivered bare and open before me and when he said Rossem was the Second Foundation, it was basic truth for I had ground him so flat and smooth that not the smidgeon of a deceit could have found refuge in any microscopic crevice.True enough. So much the split up for our foresight. For I have told you already that Bail Channis was a volunteer. Do you know what sort of a volunteer? Before he left our Foundation for Kalgan and you, he submitted to emotional surgery of a drastic nature. Do you think it was sufficient to deceive you? Do you think Bail Channis, mentally untouched, could possibly deceive you? No, Bail Channis was himself deceived, of necessity and voluntarily. Down to the inmost core of his mind, Bail Channis honestly believes that Rossem is the Second Foundation.And for three years now, we of the Second Foundation have built up the air of that here in the Kingdom of Tazenda, in preparation and waiting for you. And we have succeeded, have we not? You penetrated to Tazenda, and beyond that, to Rossem but past that, you could not go.The Mule was upon his feet You take for granted tell me that Rossem also, is not the Second Foundation?Channis, from the floor, felt his bonds burst for good, under a stream of mental force on the part of the First Speaker and strained upright. He let out one long, incredulous cry You mean Rossem is not the Second Foundation?The memories of life, the knowledge of his mind everything whirled mistily about him in confusion.The First Speaker smiled You see, First Citizen, Channis is as upset as you are. Of course, Rossem is not the Second Foundation. Are we madmen then, to lead you, our greatest, most powerful, most dangerous competitor to our own world? Oh, noLet your Fleet bombard Rossem, First Citizen, if you must have it so. Let them destroy all they can. For at most they can kill only Channis and myself and that will leave you in a situation improved not in the least.For the Second Foundations Expedition to Rossem which has been here for three years and has functioned, temporarily, as Elders in this village, embarked yesterday and are returning to Kalgan. They will evade your Fleet, of course, and they will arrive in Kalgan at least a day before you can, which is why I tell you all this. Unless I countermand my orders, when you return, you will find a revolting Empire, a disintegrated realm, and only the men with you in your Fleet here will be loyal to you. They will be hopelessly outnumbered. And moreover, the men of the Second Foundation will be with your Home Fleet and will see to it that you reconvert no one. Your Empire is done, mutant.Slowly, the Mule bowed his head, as anger and despair cornered his mind completely, Yes. Too late- Too late- Now I see it.Now you see it, agreed the First Speaker, and now you dont.In the despair of that moment, when the Mules mind lay open, the First Speaker ready for that moment and pre-sure of its nature entered quickly. It required a rather insignificant fraction of a second to consummate the change completely.The Mule looked up and said Then I shall return to Kalgan?Certainly. How do you feel?Excellently well. His brow puckered Who are you?Does it matter?Of course not. He dismissed the matter, and touched Pritchers shoulder Wake up, Pritcher, were going home.It was two hours later that Bail Channis felt strong enough to walk by himself. He said He wont ever remember?Never. He retains his mental powers and his Empire but his motivations are now entirely different. The notion of a Second Foundation is a blank to him, and he is a man of peace. He will be a far happier man henceforward, too, for the few years of life left him by his maladjusted physique. And then, after he is dead Seldons Plan will go on somehow.And it is true, urged Channis, it is true that Rossem is not the Second Foundation? I could swear I tell you I know it is. I am not mad.You are not mad, Chan nis, merely, as I have said, changed. Rossem is not the Second Foundation. Come We, too, will return home.

With the Old Breed Book Report

With The Old Breed begins with the start of the powers military c beer. Eugene sled was a freshman at Marion Military institute, his family force for him to eventually become an officer in the United States Army. But the originators desire to serve his country in battle with the enemy before the war was everyplace was strong enough to make him end his college career and begin anew in the devil dog Corps. Already part reading this book I entangle closer and more understanding of the, because I too left college in the fear that if I didnt join now, I would never have some other chance to serve my country.Eugene sledge started school at Georgia Tech to eventually become an Officer. But realizing that he would spend most of the war session in classrooms instead of fighting the enemy, he intentionally flunked out to become an enlisted marine. Already, even though he hadnt even been through gripe tenting yet, Eugene Sledge exhibited the three Marine Corps values of Honor, Cour age, and allegiance. Honor for wanting to serve his country. Courage for stepping off the path laid out by his family. And Commit custodyt for not giving up and trying his hardest to get in a position to fight the Japanese.The next section of the book details Eugene Sledges transformation into a Marine part in boot camp. Through most of the book I could only learn and read about the originators experiences in war, but this section was nonpareil that I could relate to and compare. Eugene Sledge graduated Marine Corps Recruit Depot Sand Diego on December 24, 1943, and was shipped off to infantry fosterage at Camp Elliot, a small installation located on the northern edge of San Diego. It was here that the author chose to become a 60mm mortar man, whose primary job is to provide indirect fire to support the rifle man.After being attached to 1st Marine Division, 3rd battalion, 5th Marines, he is sent to pre-combat deployment to Pavuvu. Here the author and his fellow marines learn th e basics of amphibious landings. After learning the basics for a little(a) while, Eugene Sledge boards a ship and heads off to invade Peleliu, a small island in the pacific. It is here that he learns the true chaos, confusion, and terror of war. His experiences from this point on in the book are something that members of any branch of service can learn from when seeking knowledge on what war is analogous, especially during the pacific campaign.Sledge and his troupe spends three days on Peleliu before they are relieved and sent to another island, but during these three days he witnesses the first aspects of war. On one occasion he witnessed a Marine kill another Marine at night after the Japanese broke through their lines. I conceive of that this is something that unfortunately happens more often than it should on the battlefield, both in the past and modern day. Situations like that can only be avoided through a more constant focus on the situation and situational awareness. Euge ne Sledge is greatly disturbed by this event and it causes him to realize the waste and cruelty of war.Although perceived by the author as a terrible thing, the pacific Campaign showed Eugene Sledge several things a normal man usually wouldnt notice. Throughout the book marines are seen on litter duty volunteering to run into the midst battle with a stretcher to arrest out dead or wounded Marines. This mindset of never leaving someone behind is still taught today. What it comes down to at its basic level is the love and loyalty that brothers in arms share with one another. Examples of such selflessness can be seen today still, with the example of Corporal Jason Dunham.In 2004 Corporal Dunham jumped on a grenade to save the lives of the Marines around him, dying in the abut and receiving a Medal of Honor. In his memoir Sledge mentions several instances where his company or squad had to risk their lives in extremely dangerous ways. One of these instances is while he was on Okinawa , during the final days of the war. The authors team of mortar man had to dash across an open draw in decree to set up a position to effectively cover the rest of the companys attack on Japanese defenses. This act of bravery and resolution in order to complete the mission is a lesson that all Marines can learn from.Its an example of a concept that is still drilled into recruits at boot camp today mission accomplishment no matter what. There are several instances I can remember in boot camp where we were giving seemingly impossible tasks. But in the end we were able to complete them after hard work and thinking. Training like this, while possibly viewed during my life in boot camp as a waste of time, teaches and trains us to have the mindset that with enough hard work and drive, we as Marines can complete the mission even when it seems impossible.Something that I think gets overlooked a lot when people mention the Pacific Campaign is the insurmountable misfortune of the Marines du e to the humidity and the rain. Eugene Sledge mentions the constant rain and humidity often during his memoir, and how it negatively impacted the moral of him and his men. He describes how Marines would almost constantly have trespass foot and malaria. The high humidity as well as caused bodies to rot at a severe rate, and in one part of the book the author describes with disgust how bodies would sometimes just fall apart when picked up, turning into a mess of maggots and rotten flesh.With this came a constant stench of death throughout the authors campaign. combine with the severe jungle fighting that took place, its surprising to see how the men could have kept going on for days and weeks with no relief. The rain also increased the amount of work that was required to do normally simple things. Vehicles carrying desperately needed supplies on the battlefield got stuck in the mud, and already exhausted Marines had to carry boxes of ammunition and supplies miles through mud and he at to the frontlines.Because of this, Eugene and his squad run out of ammunition and supplies several times throughout the book. At one point they reanimate to drinking water that was used to wash out an oil drum, and several Marines get sick. While on the frontlines, the mud made their mortar and other gun systems inaccurate, as the recoil from each shot drove the weapon into the mud and threw the aim off. Marines are trained from boot camp to be used to wretched conditions, and in fact we take a perverse pride in it.It is this fact that I believe helped Sledge and his fellow Marines make it through the Pacific Campaign. In boot camp and MCT we learn what it is like to be constantly filthy and dirty and eventually become accustomed to it. It is training like this that I believe helped all the Marines in the Pacific. I also believe that the Marine Corps combat training that taught them to kill efficiently and to try to survive. But training also taught them loyalty to each other and love. It trains to be abke to be dependable on the battle field.The esprit de corps sustained them though the fighting and kept the men together when spirits where low, and I think every Marine can take something away from that. Eugene Sledge survived his tour of the pacific unwounded and eventually came hold to the United States after months of hard fighting. He was a member of the 26 Marines left of the first landing at Peleliu. The intense warfare had claimed the lives of 14, 191 Marines and attached naval forces personell. It is estimated that over 107,500 Japanese were killed on the final attack of Okinawa alone, not including the other islands in the campaign, like Peleliu and Pavuvu. With The Old Breed was in my opinion an exceptional book, further I think that there were some issues with it that could have been omitted in order to make the book easier to read. The biggest one is that the author spent a lot of piece of music describing the deployment of Marines across the battlefields, and the descriptions were long, confusing, and only slightly interesting. There are several things that I learned from With The Old Breed, both about war itself, and how it changes the Marines involved in it.All of the Marines involved in the fighting came out changed men. The biggest thing, however, is that I learned through the authors experiences to never give up on yourself. Eugene B. Sledge confront many adversaries throughout the book, both in how he can achieve his goal of serving his country and the many difficult things he faced once he was on his own path. From reading Eugene Sledges memoir of the Pacific Theater I think we can apply his qualities like courage, selflessness, and honor to our lives in order to make us better marines.

Bham civil rights

MAGMA It was coldest November day when my friend and I went to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. Coming here brought back a lot of memories because feel like Civil Rights was the majority of what we study in grade school. From the minute I parked I saw the 16th SST Baptist Church that was bombed many years ago. I remember taking athletic field trips there when was a child. Walking through the building was like taking a journey through Birmingham contributions to the Civil Rights Movement and human rights struggles.The most beaten(prenominal) part of the institute was going past Martin Luther King Jar. s exhibit. I always enjoyed hearing his speeches because he has so much passion when he spoke. He actually helped me out in my speech class my freshman year. Another section remembered studying in grade school was the displays of segregation. There were separate bathrooms and piddle fountains and they depicted how the White bathrooms were spotless and the black bathrooms were r un down and dirty.And who can forget Rosa Parks and ere decision to stay put in her seat, ignoring the passenger car driver, James Blake, on December 1, 1955. Overall, I enjoyed my visit to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. I thought it was going to be a walk in, look at overgorge and leave type of thing but it truly brought back many memories from grammar school and what we studied then. I would encourage anyone who has not been to the Civil Rights Institute to go and see for themselves how interesting and heartfelt it is to see the past of our city, Birmingham, and what has become of it now. Birmingham has come a long way.

Arranged Marriages Forced

Arranged Marriages hale Although the modern social norms of western cultures expect marriage to be based on love and a blotto bond among two people, this is non the basis for marriage in all cultures or societies. Although the greater parts of arranged marriages arent intended to be forced, the couples are given the chance to oppose their chosen partners if they dont feel that the marriage would be a success. In other cases, the couples have no choice its a sign of disrespect to refuse.Many people have a major misunderstanding of the arranged marriage. Many cultures world-wide have believed in the tradition of arranged marriages for legion(predicate) Centuries and some still practice it today. The best way to understand the reasoning behind such cultures is to put aside your accept beliefs, opinions, and preconceived ideas in order to see more clearly before dismissing it has wrong. One of the most difficult changes to make in a marriage is the acceptance of your partners belie fs and or values compared to what you believe.And yet, in arranged marriages its assumed that the couple is perfectly matched, as the families of their son or daughter will choose potential partners from the alike(p) culture, religion, and social class. The similar back ground can ease the process of good communication as well as reduce negate in any and all decisions such as how the children should be raised. In many cultures the spouse will sometimes live with or in the same neighborhood of their partners family.In difficult times, this could mean that they have a strong social network on hand to provide support. In other cases, the halt from the family members or other people within the neighborhood may seem like they are interfering. On the other hand, when there are problems that need solved, having a person nearby to act as a mediator or counselor is beneficial. Contrary to the old arranged marriage, in which children are forbidden from choosing their take partners, the modern arranged marriage is not about being forced into federation.Its about relying on their match making mastery of Mom and protactinium (Holly McKay 2007). One of major criticism made of arranged marriages is that love takes a back seat and that the emphasis is rather a social standing and cultural back ground. These cultures tend to value the social and economic possibility of the marriage over the strength of emotion between the couple. Its important to understand both the distinctions between arranged and forced marriage and the fact that they sometimes overlap.While arranged marriages have brought happiness and stability to couples and communities, forced marriages are by nature exploitatory and unequal (Amanda Kloer, 2009). They key factor present in an arranged marriage is the consent of both people getting married to be matched and married done a third party arrangement. (Amanda Kloer, 2009) Forced marriages are arranged, but without the consent of both parties specific ally, usually without the womans consent (Amanda Kloer, 2009).It is often easy to dismiss concepts that we are not familiar with or that we do not understand, yet, by taking an open-minded approach, its usually apparent that any marriage contains just as many advantages as disadvantages ? Reference list McKay, Holly (June 29, 2009) Because mom said so Are Arranged Marriages the next big Trend? http//foxnews. com/0,3566,287211,00. html retrieved April 11, 2010. Kloer, Amanda (September 8, 2009) Arranged Marriage vs. Forced Marriage. http//humantrafficking. change. org/blog/view/arranged_marriage_vs_forced_marriage Retrieved April 11, 2010.

Research Critique Essay

This paper go forth review a numeric dissect comparing the outcomes of physicians that use stereotyped versus nonsterile gloves during aboveboard soft tissue lacerations repairs in the Emergency Room. It will address the protection of human participants, their risks/benefits, and a review of the involves information collection, information analysis, and enigma statement along with an interpretation of its findings. ArticleThe article is from 2004, and was published in the Annals of Emergency Medicine. Its entitled Sterile Versus Nonsterile Gloves for Repair of Uncomplicated Lacerations in the Emergency Department A Randomized Controlled running game. Protection of Human ParticipantsA random sampling of patients were taken from populations that presented to multi-center emergency rooms in the Toronto area, with simple soft tissue lacerations that required suture repair. Of the 1,100 people approached, 902 gave voluntary consent to participate in the study. Of those, 86 were excluded for a final total of 816. There were 245 patients who refused to participate, with 40% creation children (the study enrolled any patient oer the age of one). There was suggestion that the large amount of children who refused participation was cogitate to parental anxiety of entry their child into the study (Perelman et al., 2004, p. 363). Specific physical, psychological, social or economic risks to patients were non addressed in this article, nevertheless a patient randomness sheet was given to participants before they signed the consent. The handout provided background information on shock management, infection, and the rationale for the study. There were no immediate or direct benefits for patients to be voluminous in this study. The protocol, patient consent form, and all other related information duringthis trial were reviewed and approved by the ethic and review boards of all facilities involved. Data CollectionPatients that arrived to one of three large commu nity ERs in the Toronto area, with a suffer that was viewed to meet criteria, were provided written information on the rationale of the study and asked to participate. Inclusion criteria were addressed by a physician or resident that included assessing for complexity of laceration, side on the body, and if it had occurred within 3 hours from patients arrival. A signed a consent was obtained and data was collected through completion of a checklist noting the patients age, sex, site of laceration, type of injury, term of injury, time of injury from the time of repair, and proficiency of repair. The patient was given a self-addressed, pre-stamped envelope that was to be completed by the physician who took the sutures out.This physician filled out an explicit questionnaire using specific guidelines on harm judging (pus, erythema, fever,) their clinical impressions (infection vs. no infection), and their management plan (topical/oral/IV antibiotic use, or need for referral to wound specialist). The follow up physician was unaware of which gloves were used in initial repair of the wound. The returned questionnaires where coded to collate with the initial assessment forms. There are several independent and dependent variables in this study. They include not being able to run an equivalency trial related to the large sample size of the study, and the study was only partly blind (blind to the patients, not the physicians) because the sterile and nonsterile gloves are packaged differently.Also, the study could not 100% standardize the technique of wound repair by the physicians, although they did receive orientation on ideal wound repair techniques with irrigation, and a there was not a single follow up clinic site that could have provided more normalization in the evaluation of wound assessment during the follow up visit. No time period for data collection was specified in this article. Data Management and AnalysisStatistical software was used in the analysis of data retrieved during this study. Demographic and clinical data were presented descriptively as means, medians, or proportions with SDs where appropriate. The 2 discharge was used to compare differences in infection rate between the 2 glove groups. A 2-tailedP value less than .05 was considered significant (Perelman et al., 2004, p. 364). There were 4 discrepancies noted in the data between the accusative wound assessments and the follow up clinicians notions of the wound, with (2) being clarified by the researchers with the documenting physician, and the remaining 2 were placed in the infected group. Findings/Interpretation of FindingsThe researchers found that there is clear evidence to support that nonsterile gloves can be used in place of sterile gloves for simple laceration repairs in the Emergency Department, without an increase in wound infections. This writer believes that the findings are valid for several reasons. One, this study cites other previous studies that had sim ilar outcomes in related topics such as using criticize water for cleaning/irrigating wounds, or the absence of gloves, caps or masks did not affect wound infection outcomes. Secondly, this has already become practice for many physicians in the United States. This is support in the article by researchers when a preliminary survey of 18 ER physicians and 24 phencyclidine hydrochloride showed 70% often used nonsterile technique in their repairs.Lastly, the study showed comparative infection rates of 6.1% for sterile glove use and 4.4% nonsterile glove use with a level of significance of 0.05. Limitations were defined above as variables. Implications for nursing are two-fold. One, nurses can help support this nonsterile technique and continue to ensure good wound cleansing and irrigation of wounds. Using this techniques can save hospitals up to $2000/year in ERs that go over an average of 10 suture repairs/day. Secondly, as previously mentioned, this study cites others that address w ound care (ex irrigating with tap water vs. sterile saline), so this research can be used in the future to study methods of successful wound management for nursing. ConclusionIn conclusion, this was a successful study in covering that there was no increase in wound infections when nonsterile gloves are used while repairing simple lacerations in the Emergency Department. It is also showed that there can be economical savings for health care entities.References deluxe Canyon University GCU. (2011). NRS433V.v10R research critique, part 2. Retrieved from https//lc-ugrad1.gcu.edu Perelman, V. S., Francis, G. J., Rutledge, T., Foote, J., Martino, F., & Dranitsaris, G. (2004, March). Sterile versus nonsterile gloves for repair of uncomplicated lacerations in the Emergency Department A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 43, 362-370. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemerged.2003.09.008

Managing Staff Essay

Health finagle managers convey some(prenominal) different roles in either health divvy up easiness. According to Chapter 9 of Health Care Finance, The manager is responsible for seeing that an employee is present and working for separately position and for every shift required for that position. Managers have a role to understand and roll in the hay how to use provideing measurement known as the full-time equivalent (FTE). The role of health care managers brook vary depending on their position as well as the size of the facility. The role of a health care manager make up of many different things such as plying, budgeting, scheduling, marketing, accounting, and organizing decisions that impart benefit the facility and ensure that everything is effective. Group medical practice managers work with a group of medical doctors and handle the budgets, billing, personnel, and patients, (Role of a Healthcare Manager, 2010). Another role of health care managers is to be available at all times. canvas Productive and non fatty TimeAccording to Chapter 9 of Health Care Finance, Productive time rattling equates to the employees net hours on duty when performing the functions in his or her job description. Nonproductive time is paid-for time when the employee is not on duty that is, not producing and therefore nonproductive. virtually things that will consist of nonproductive time would be holidays, paid-for vacation days, personal leave days, and/or sick days. Some things that will consist of productive time would be an employee net time or days that they actually at worked on the job.Costs Tied to StaffingCosting is tied to staffing in a variety of ways, because the health care field is a 24-hour job. In the health care setting you have staffs employees working majority of the day. Some employee work sixteen hours shifts, but shift does change every eight to 12 hours in many facilities. The role of a manager is staffing, and employees normally work xl hou rs per week. If the facility consists of eight hour shifts so the staff would normally work eight hour shifts five days a week, and if it is a twelve hour shift the staff would work three in half days to get forty hours. The Difference between the Annualized Method and the Scheduled-Position Method There are two different approaches to use to visualize the staff full-time equivalent (FTE). The Two approaches are the annualized method and the plan-position method.The role of a manager comes into moorage when concerning the annualized method, because the manager would take the productive days and the nonproductive days of each employee and account them in the jurisprudence used to complete the hours. The annualized method is a yearly thing and it is calculated with the time the employee has worked. The role of a manager comes into place when concerning the schedule-position method, because the productive days and nonproductive days are accounted for when filling a scheduled shift . The scheduled-position method is a weekly schedule thing. It is burning(prenominal) to have a staffing plan in any health care facility. It is important to have enough staff present for the quality of the residents or patients. A staffing plan can help to determine what staffs are schedule and if more staffs are needed to work. Having a staffing plan helpful, because this way every employee time worked are accounted for when enter productive days and nonproductive days.Annualize StaffingAnnualizing staff is important in any health care facility, because it is something that the staff have worked hard for and deserve what they have coming to them. Annualizing staff is important because the staffs will be get days off such as Christmas, New Years and etc., and still get paid for it depending on how long they have been employed, because the annualized method is hours pile up on a yearly method. According to Chapter 9 of Health Care Finance, Annualizing is necessary because each em ployee that is pensionable for benefits (such as vacation days) will not be on duty for thefull number of hours paid for by the organization.The Benefits of Recording Productive and Nonproductive Time There are many benefits of recording productive and nonproductive time in health care management. One benefit of recording productive and nonproductive time is that it improved productivity and decreased non-productivity. Some other benefits of recording productive and nonproductive time are to presence-to-performance ratio, to keep a time log, to make a checklist of recoverable time, and to sharpen the saw. It is important for managers to have a staffing plan available to manage staff and keep record of all staff hours to avoid miscommunication.ReferencesT Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Occupational employment statistics. Retrieved from http//www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes113031.htmind Crainer, S., & Dearlove, D. (Eds.) (2004). The Financial Times enchiridion of management. (3rd ed .) New York, NY Pearson.Tina Su (2010) http//workawesome.com/productivity/full-engagement-at-work/